Alfred Hitchcock’s film Essay

By referring closely to two scenes from Alfred Hitchcock’s film ‘Psycho’ (1960), give your views in detail on how the director uses the soundtrack and the camera to create fear and suspense in the audience. ‘Psycho’ is one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most well known and famous films. The film was made in forty-one days and at a cost of 80,000 dollars. It was shot in black and white to save money but also to create more impact. The film opens with a black background to create fear in the audience. We then see the director’s name, Alfred Hitchcock and the title of the film in the centre of the screen in medium, white text against a black background. The title then splits repeatedly, horizontally and vertically to reveal the rest of the credits. The horizontal and vertical splits suggest and already prepare us for the split personality of Norman Bates. Piercing, high-pitched notes of violins and the deep deafening notes of the cello are introduced to break the silence. The tempo of the music is rapid and frantic to generate terror in the audience. The staccato rhythm of the string instruments also adds to create tension and a perturb feeling. It also makes us feel alert and anxious. The credits and background fades with the music to unveil a panoramic view, which is at a high angle and an extreme close up shot of a city. The camera then pans across the skyline of the American city. Words are super imposed and displayed giving us the precise place, date and time producing the feeling that the audience are there and that it is actually happening, ‘ ‘Phoenix, Arizona, Friday December Eleventh, Two Forty Three pm. ‘ Numbers are displayed in letters to emphasise the date and time and to make sure the audience knows when this is occurring. As the camera pans over apartment blocks and rooftops of buildings, the camera steadily zooms in from a long shot to a medium shot to a close up on apartment block windows. Then the camera zooms in into one particular window, which is slightly open, making the audience curious. It gives the audience a question, where are we being led? We are made to be voyeurs as we are invited and entering the lives of a middle aged man and woman. In this scene, we see the relationship between Marion Crane and Sam Loomis. Alfred Hitchcock gives us the impression of ‘normal behaviour’ in which Marion and Sam present love and affection towards each other. Marion wears white underwear to symbolise purity and innocent whereas later on in the film after she has stolen the money we see her wearing black underwear to symbolise deceit and betrayal. It is in this scene we enter Marion Crane’s life and see everything from her eyes and her point of view. We observe her world and are put into her world. Hitchcock lets us see, hear and think what she sees, hears and thinks. Later in the film, we see Marion driving away from Phoenix with the stolen $40,000. The camera views her face as a close up where we hear a voice over of her thoughts and fears. This technique allows us to enter her mind and feel what she is feeling. As she carries on with her journey, we hear the penetrating and piercing rhythm of the string instruments from the theme tune. This creates awareness and alertness in the audience. In this scene we see an extreme long shot of Marion’s car, which is parked at the roadside in the countryside. She has stopped for a rest. The car is positioned in the bottom right hand corner of the frame. There is no one or nothing to be seen. This makes her seem isolated and deserted and where anything could happen. There is nothing to be heard but the natural sounds of the countryside. We suddenly hear an unknown car coming into the frame from the bottom right hand corner. The unknown car appears to a police car. The car drives past Marion’s car however, reverses behind Marion’s car. The next shot is a medium shot, which is filmed from a low angle and is shown from the side of Marion’s car. As the police officer opens his car door, we see the police badge printed on it. As the officer exits his car, he is walking towards the camera. This effect makes the audience feel that he is walking towards us. The low angle shot is used to convey his authority. This creates fear and makes the audience feel threatened. This scene is made up of many short, sharp cuts, mainly in big close ups. All natural sounds are heard to build up tension and suspense. As the police officer is at Marion’s car side, he knocks on her window. In this shot Marion is lying down. As she hears the knock, she wakes up immediately and abruptly with panic. As she looks at the officer, she appears to very nervous and overcome with anxiety. Her eyes are extremely wide and bold as she is filled with fright. This scene cuts to Marion and then to the officer many times. The camera shows a subjective shot, from Marion’s point of view so when he is looking at her it appears to the audience that he is looking at us. This makes us feel what she does. Dark sunglasses blank the police officer’s eyes out so we cannot tell what he is looking at. This suggests that his eyes are emotionless. As the officer questions Marion, she portrays herself as being nervous by giving short, breathless answers. She acts suspicious when saying ‘why do you want my licence’. The camera then films a privilege shot, so we can see everything that the officer cannot, Marion hiding the stolen money. Again, the camera moves into a subjective shot, when we can see the view from her point as Marion watches the officer look at her licence, to feel her fright and distress. This scene took seven days to film and only lasts forty-five seconds. It opens with Marion taking off her robe for a shower. She is located in a white tile bathroom, which is brightly lit. All the natural sounds are emphasised; toilet being flushed, soap packet being open, movement of shower and shower curtain. This makes the audience watch attentively and be very observant. The first shot is a long shot. Marion having a shower, suggests that she is washing away all her wrong doings to make herself feel unburdened and that she is deciding to put things right. She portrays herself to the audience as being deeply relaxed as she is smiling. A subjective shot of the shower is shown to make us the audience feel as if we are being showered. Hitchcock gives tranquillity and calmness in the audience as he makes us enjoy her shower. As she is showering, she is located in the bottom right corner of the frame, to prepare us for the attack, so we can see what she cannot. The camera films Marion in a close up from the wall side, she was in the centre, however, cuts to another shot which is a privilege, close up to leave the left side of the frame empty with the shower curtain behind. The curtain is translucent, this gives a dramatic effect and lets the audience see the figure approaching. Suddenly, in the left hand corner of the frame, a large, silhouette figure appears to make the audience feel uneasy and tense. It gives us a feeling of wanting to warn Marion of what is behind her. The powerful noise of the shower prevents Marion hearing the figure approaching. The shot remains constant, and then slowly zooms into the mysterious, menacing figure. Marion disappears out of the frame making the audience focus and concentrate on the dark, disturbing figure. Hitchcock makes us believe that the figure is the mother of Norman Bates because the shape of the hair is shown in silhouette. This shot is designed in such a way that the camera shows the figure in shadow because the audience should not be able to see the figure’s face. When the shower curtain is thrown aside, we still see the figure in shadow. A montage of shots is used when we see Marion being attacked. Horror fills the audience as screeching, violent sounds of the violins are introduced. We hear Marion’s terrifying, fearful screams, the sound of Marion being stabbed, the knife against the skin and bone to let the audience know what it feels like. A subjective shot of the knife is shown to produce the feeling that the figure is almost stabbing at us. Rapid shots are shown of the killing, twenty-eight shots in twenty seconds. Several shots are used of Marion moving from side to side and struggling to defend herself to show that she cannot stop the killer. The camera swoops in with a high angled shot of Marion’s blood draining away in the bath. A big close up of Marion’s hand is shown as she slides down the wall. As this is taking place, the deep, heavy sounds of the cello is heard. We see Marion turn around and slide down further, as she does this she reaches out her hand. This suggests she is maybe reaching out to us or to the shower curtain. In the final shot, we see the camera panning to show the blood of Marion draining down the plughole to suggest that her life is draining away. The camera zooms into the plughole where an extreme close up of it is shown and is mixed with Marion’s eye. The eye then becomes a staring, lifeless, emotionless eye. This suggests that we see, hear and think no more from her eye. For its time ‘Psycho’ was one of the most frightening, psychological thrillers ever made and even by today’s standards still has the power to terrify.

RSO Marketing Proposal

Executive Director Marketing Professor Executive Summary The Rockford Symphony Orchestra is one of the leading cultural institutions n northern Illinois, performing over sixteen classical and pop concerts annually. The RSI was founded in 1934 and incorporated in 1943. The ROOK'S first MusiC Director and Manager, A Arthur Sack, led the orchestra for twenty's years. During this time, the Rockford Area Youth h Symphony Orchestra and the Rockford Symphony Orchestra Guild were established.The RSI continues its commitment to fulfilling its mission to lead in the creation of vibrant musical e experiences that the enlighten, educate, and entertain. (History, n. D. ) The RSI is celebrating its 80 anniversary and wants to reinforce the longevity of the organization by introducing their rich R oxford history into various music and performances for the 20142015 season and beyond. The RSI is also looking to create a closer tie to the Rockford community. The organizations' 80th anniversary needs t o be leveraged in order to increase ova rural ticket sales.The long and harsh winter of 20132014 was a major challenge the RSI faced making it difficult to reach their revenue goals. Ticket sales were 50% lower than their budgeted goal as a result. A brief evaluation of the Rook's strengths and weaknesses has served as a off notation the towards the strategic analysis and a marketing plan for this 80 anniversary celebration and the future of the organization. The plan is to focus on bringing more awareness t o the community, the creating various ways to promote the 80 anniversary this season and increase overall ticket sales.

Judaism and Christianity Essay

Judaism and Christianity are two of the oldest forms of religious expression that are currently in existence. But though both express belief in the same God, there are different ways that they express their devotion and interpreting God in their religious ways. But we first must see and define the two before we delve into differentiating them. The central belief of practicising Christians is the fact that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, that Jesus is an integral part of the Holy Trinity, and the promised Messiah, or savior (Conversion to Judaism). But Judaism, or the practices and beliefs in religion as practiced by the Jews (Charles Henderson, 2003), insists on the unitarian view of God (Judaism). Suffice it to say that the Jews believe that there is only one God, indivisible, being only one as opposed to Christianity’s of one God in three Persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Judaism). To the Jews, no matter what the accomplishments of Christ, He is only a human being, not the Son of God (Judaism). Judaism is a term that was coined by the â€Å"Hellenized† Jews of the â€Å"Second Temple Era† to put definitives on their practice (Henderson, 2003). The Jews trace their lineage to the patriarch Abram, called out of his Mesopotamian homeland to jouney to Canaan and begin the nation of Israel (Judaism). But there is a development that bridges the differences of the Judaistic and Christian divide, the messianic Jews, or â€Å"Jewish Christians† (Philosophy, Theology and Religion). These Jews uphold the practice of the customs and traditions of Judaism while acknowledging the deity of Jesus Christ as the Son of God (PHILTaR). They profess acceptance of the â€Å"one God† doctrine of Christianity, the Holy Trinity, and adhere to the Old Testament, or Tanach, and the New Testament, or Brit Hadshah, as the complete Word of God (PHILTaR). As such, they reject the authoroty of the teaching of the Rabbis, or â€Å"Rabbinic literature (PHILTaR).

Film Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Film Critique - Movie Review Example The issues presented in the movie, regarding concerns of women In the film, almost all the main problems faced by women folk in a male dominated and racially prejudiced society are portrayed in a vivid manner. For instance, the main female characters in the film do not enjoy liberty in the mainstream society. They are forced to act according to the will of the male characters. The most important female character in the film (Daisy Werthan, an elderly Jewish widow) leads a grim life similar to other widows in a male dominated society. The loneliness and alienation faced by Daisy Werthan in her private and public domains is vividly portrayed by the director. The problem of racism is another issue presented in the movie regarding concerns of women. Besides, prejudice against Afro- Americans and the Jews, and marginalization faced by them is another issue presented in the movie regarding concerns of women. Scheuer and Scheuer (2003), opine that â€Å"Driving Miss Daisy tells us, as much more about the difference between North and South, and racial attitudes in America as any sociology textbook will† (p.106). The main female characters in the film are not considered as important in their families. The problem of marginalization in the mainstream society without any decision making capacity leads to mental and emotional problems in female characters. The issues presented in the movie regarding concerns of women are still relevant because male domination, marginalization, alienation, prejudice and racism curb the growth and development of women in the society. Loneliness, racism, and male domination illustrated in the movie The most important issues presented in this movie regarding concerns of women are related to male domination and racial prejudice. So, three issues (loneliness, racism, and male domination), and three female characters (Daisy Werthan, Idella and Florine Werthan), are selected to expose how these issues and characters are illustrated in the m ovie. 1. Loneliness and alienation faced by Daisy Werthan The most important female character in film, Daisy Werthan (Jessica Tandy), an elderly Jewish widow faced alienation in her private (home) and public (society) domains. When Daisy Werthan’s husband was succumbed to death, she gradually got alienated herself from the mainstream society. For instance, her son did not allow her to drive her car. Besides, her maid servant was aware of the alienation felt by Daisy Werthan in her home and society. The director gave ample importance to the issue of loneliness and alienation faced by widows in the society. To be specific, the character of Daisy Werthan represents the sad plight and emotional detachment of widows in the society. 2. Racism and prejudice faced by Idella Idella (Esther Rolle), Daisy Werthan’s Afro-American maid servant is one of the best examples of racial segregation and marginalization faced by the African American community in America. One can easily ide ntify that racism or marginalization from the main stream society is the most important problem faced by African American community in America. Racism is a social evil which hinder the progress of African Americans in the American society. On the other side, Daisy Werthan, a Jew by birth was also a victim of racism. The best example of racism was the

Argument about SONY organizational charts Essay

Argument about SONY organizational charts - Essay Example Company’s CEO, taking into consideration the financial situation of Sony, the problems with its electronics department ex-profit-generator that appeared to show ‘a lackluster performance’ (Certo & Certo, 245), came to the conclusion to conduct major organizational changes. The company was divided in 4 divisions with a vice-president (VP) responsible for each of them. Now on the top of organizational structure of Sony stand the CEO, who had 4 VP (each responsible for one division) in submission. Despite the fact that this organizational structure has its advantages, some better results might be achieved in case two more executive VPs would be put between CEO and VPs of departments. Although, lots of variations links between divisions, executive VPs and CEO available, in this case we will stick to the idea that these two executive VPs had an authority over VPs of the particular divisions and that CEO had only them two in submission (see illustration in appendix). Less sources of information. Because of this organizational change the CEO now needs to focus only on tracking two people, but not four. By doing this he can spend less time on getting reports, analyzing them and making significant observations to make future decisions, but can delegate his executive VPs to be responsible for analyzing all the data and reporting him only the most valuable information. This will give him more free time to focus on general strategic planning in organization. As now the CEO has executive VPs in submission that might be responsible for filtering and analyzing information, he might make more well-thought decision and an overall performance of the company might go up. More balanced organizational strategy. For this proposed organizational structure, the executive VPs could be in charge of particular divisions grouped, so they might have more well-balanced organizational strategy. For example, VP with a background in marketing and sales can be focused on promotion of

Women and Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Advertisements - Essay Example She tries to clarify her point by criticizing the advertising agencies and their aims to successfully sell a produce (Kilbourne 461). Kilbourne’s assertion towards commercial advertisement leaves us with no doubt that it is a wrong practice. Jean Kilbourne reasons that the use of female imagery in the making of advertisement is an act of belittling the morale and esteem of a woman. These advertisements are considered to be painting women as sexual objects, in several instances, and this might depict a woman as a person with no dignity or feelings but one that is only interested in achieving the objective set for her. Similarly, the image of Kerri Hugg relaxing in the arms of her couch depicts another side of female imagery opinion (Shari and Michael 739). This is considered as a complete difference from the female imagery displayed in Jean Kilbourne’s piece. Kilbourne argues that the use of female imagery for commercial advertisement is a way of violating women’s rights, particularly in the sense that these advertisements display women as objects and not equal beings to their male counterparts. The images of male and female athletes, nevertheless, have much more in common as compared to the images of female and male artists used in commercial advertisements. In several instances, the women who chose to do sports like athletics concentrate fully on the game and forget about their feminine essence. In such instances, they prefer winning most titles and becoming the best in their positions. It is thus so hard to spot a particular female athlete concentrating on her looks and beauty as opposed to any ordinary woman (Greene and Lindsky 125). The key reason behind this fact is that most women consider themselves equal to the task and thus, give it their best so as to be successful athletes. Subsequently, there are no key dissimilarities in the images of the female and male athletes. Several female athletes are well-built

Censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Censorship - Essay Example The act of censorship is now done more for the benefit of children, yet many people believe it should be the responsibility of the parent to monitor what their children read or watch, and not the responsibility of the government or a stranger from an organization. After all, Cleland’s novel was proven to be harmless. However, this might be different if the book were in the hands of a child. It has been brought up of whether or not media should be censored since times and opinions have changed, and if media is censored, if adults should also face censorship to strengthen the protection towards children. The practice of censorship has evolved to protect children more than anybody else, though adults are also effected by this as it becomes difficult for them to access their own mature media. Books and movies that are considered inappropriate are kept out of reach from younger children. These pieces of media contain subject matter that are too advanced for children, such as excess ive violence, sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, or other topics that are thought to be taboo or else unsuitable for young eyes. This is perhaps the main reason, if not the only reason, why books and movies, as well as many video games, are censored from children. Censorship is not done out of a need to deny children of their entertainment, but to ensure that younger children are obtaining entertainment that is right for them. This may also prove to be overly paternalistic to parents since it may mean difficulties in obtaining their own entertainment, but they still need to play their part in making sure that children cannot access their adult material. On the other side of the argument against censoring media is that it causes many people to cross the line between protecting and overprotecting a child. By censoring certain material, children are being denied glimpses into many of the ideas and concepts of the real world. Censorship tends to go too far, sheltering children from the real world around them. They become unaware of all that the world has to offer in way of unique, independent, and creative thoughts and experiences. Censorship also teaches children that, in regard to media, there is an undue concept of good and evil, which can cause a child to continue to censor themselves as they become adults. They begin to be judgmental at a very young age when growing up in a censored environment, never allowing themselves to open up to everything that the world has to offer to their growing minds. Censorship should be used, but implemented in a way so that children cannot gain access to media that is deemed inappropriate by parents, teachers, and other adults that have authority and influence over children. While many schools, families, and even libraries acknowledge media that is inappropriate based on a common standard of decency, such as media involving graphic sex, drugs, and violence, they still make it readily available for young children to have acc ess. This is because a lot of it remains accessible to adults, but still within grasp of children. The material that should be censored should be done so because the material is too advanced, and oftentimes harsh and graphic, for children. Not only can they be negatively impacted by some of what they read

Samsung Final Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Samsung Final Report - Coursework Example In today’s global electronic market, Samsung is widely recognised for its innovations and also for the quality of the products and services that it offers to its global customers (Samsung, 2012). During the recent decade Samsung has developed its vision as â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future.† This vision of the company apparently reflects its commitment towards inspiring the communities within which it has been operating and also wishes to operate in future. The company, in order to follow its vision, has identified three significant strengths, i.e. â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products† and â€Å"Creative Solutions† (Samsung, 2012). 1.2 Sustainable Innovation of Samsung Samsung has identified it as a responsibility to carry out the business operations in a way that would facilitate in conserving the natural environment. In relation with this, the company has been noticed to carry out a wide array of activities all around the glob e. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that Samsung is often categorised to be among the leaders in offering eco-friendly goods to the consumers worldwide. With this concern, the company has introduced a monitoring system known as the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) management system to enhance the level of safety at the work place. This system also assists in minimising the industrial wastes which are hazardous to the environment as it acts significantly for the company in terms of pollution management (Samsung, 2012). In response to the growing interest of sustainable development in the business environment, Samsung has been recuperating the methods of collecting information from the stakeholders about their perspectives and ideas concerning sustainable development in the long-run. This aided the company to develop policies and strategies related to sustainable development by taking into account the modern managerial perspective (Samsung, 2012). 1.3 Objective of the Paper The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the innovation management of Samsung by utilising the Sustainable Innovative Results (SIR). The SIRs selected in this paper are the solar netbooks and transparent LCD panels introduced by Samsung. The SIRs are evaluated by considering the following points into consideration: determined objectives, needs, resources engaged, influencing factors, success, challenges, leadership and long-term consequences. 2.0 Critical Evaluation: SIR Approaches of Samsung SIRs are quite important for the organizations to develop and also to sustain in the long run. Being sustainable, in the corporate culture, essentially means to satisfy the present without causing much threat to the future. This meaning of sustainability can be directly linked with the innovative results of Samsung’s SIRs as both the products perform effectively in meeting the present needs without causing many hazards to the future. Moreover, SIRs serve the stakeholders concer n to a considerable extent which is an important pre-requisite for the companies to sustain in the long-run. Furthermore, sustainable innovations determine the responsibility of the organizations towards the environment as well as the society. This acts significantly for the company to become widely accepted by the people increasing its brand value.

Nature and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature and culture - Essay Example Considering the various sociological perspectives that can be taken with regard to nature and culture, two stand out from amongst the others. These are the structural functionalist perspective and the conflict perspective both of which consider nature and culture in very different lights. To better understand how they differ and the distinctions made by them with regard to nature and culture it would be useful to examine them individually. First, structural functionalism is founded on the idea that society is composed of structures that are supposed to perform a certain function. In essence, both nature and culture are social structures but culture is more of a social construct than nature (McClelland, 2000). For instance, if a culture is connected deeply to the principles of monogamy it is entirely possible that the cultural elements of the society would lead to the government outlawing polygamy. On the other hand, some cultures may permit polygamy or even polyandry and thus the socially constructed laws in that country may give individuals the permission to create families in that manner. However, the functionalist perspective would suggest that the role of the family unit in both cultures could be more or less the same and the role is not solely dependent on the way in which the family is formed. Therefore, the role of culture in the functionalist perspective would be understood by examining the function performed by culture for a given society. The role of nature becomes something which deals with the individual and the skin bound individual may not be included in the debate on the functions of culture for society. However, the nature of the individual may function quite importantly for a person who interacts with society and thus his/her own nature may cause her to seek out groups which form a sub-culture in the larger culture. On the other hand, the conflict

Self Esteem, Self Confidence and Self Motivation with Respect to Goals Essay

Self Esteem, Self Confidence and Self Motivation with Respect to Goals and Objectives - Essay Example It is a sort of competent feeling that a person contains within himself as he tries to overcome the hurdles that life throws his way with a matter of confidence. Self confidence again is a dependent factor on a person having a certain amount of esteem for himself. It is the characteristic by which a person is able to regain and perceive the environment around him in a way better than others; in other words having confidence helps a person to come out of the fear of doing something or trying something new. Confidence helps to take initiatives and take control of situations. It thus goes hand in hand with self esteem greatly because unless a person contains a certain amount of belief in his own self with respect to any task that he might want to carry out, he will not be able to do so unless he possesses an ounce of zeal and esteem. Self motivation is yet another characteristic that every person has within himself but only few are able to tap and exploit as mentioned above. Motivation is the power by which one can induce himself or someone else to carry out a task or an activity with utmost confidence. Self motivation is when a person has the power and belief in his own self to do something and thus becomes his own personal driving factor towards the chalet of desire. In order to understand the same, one can easily witness how self esteem and self confidence are again required in order for a person to be motivated by his own self. If one does not possess enough courage or confidence, he will not be able to motivate himself in the long run. All these qualities take some time for people to tap into and bring out. They all require certain factors from the outside environment of a human being as well in order to be touched upon. For example, self esteem is an aspect that rises and increases every time a person is praised by others for doing a certain something. People usually tend to think higher of them once others begin to respect them, listen to them and take their advice. When people get attention and achieve success in copious amounts, their levels of self esteem automatically increase. (Dubrin, A) Much the same way, in the same process, a person also tends to increase his personal amounts of confidence once others begin to praise or compliment h im on something. For example, taking any business enterprise into account, an entrepreneur would only be able to increase his sales and take his venture to a higher level if he was praised from the outside world. Only when he receives adulation from society will he become aware of whatever he is worth. One must try and tap this confidence and esteem on his own self, however, too much of the same, on the lines of an overdose can become a problem as people usually think that they are too good for anybody else and thus end up hurting and harming the environment around them. This usually leads to them losing out on their friends and family and they turn out to be aggressive and far too overconfident. Thus, these qualities must be tapped in proper balanced

Topic Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Selection - Essay Example It came to the attention of the Vice President for Nursing that their Nurse Managers are torn between prioritizing functions which are administrative in nature vis-Ã  -vis functions that cater to the delivery of patient care. Due to the Nurse Managers’ theoretical orientation for health care, the administrative tasks such as completion of reportorial requirements, monitoring and upkeep of equipment and supplies, staff requirements and budgeting are frequently neglected or seconded with priorities being focused to patient care. In this regard, the VP for Nursing sought the assistance of the VP for Human Resources and the CEO to resolve this issue. Every nursing unit in the hospital is headed by a nurse manager who is assigned as the chief head nurse on duty. Her job responsibilities entail patient care as the primary task and managerial functions such as planning, directing, staffing and control. These multi-task functions coupled with low pay contributed to low morale and low productivity. These nurses opted to gain the minimum experience required to enable them to leave the country and work abroad. The leadership function assigned to nurse managers conflict with their functions as providers of patient care. They are expected to deliver timely reports on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. They monitor staffing requirements. They prepare the time sheets for payroll purposes. And most importantly, they are expected to know all the nursing intervention requirements for all the patients are their nursing units. There is this question on prioritization of function. As nurses, of course, they should prioritize patient care. But as managers, the function of attending to the human resource needs of the unit suffers. Reports are not completed on their specified time schedules. Upkeep of facilities in patients’ rooms and hospital areas are not regularly attended to. Equipments that need

How Americas Foreign Policy Shaped Essay Example for Free

How Americas Foreign Policy Shaped Essay Foreign policy determines how America conducts relations with other countries. It is designed to further certain goals, and to ensure America’s security and defense. Originally American foreign policy was based isolationism; however, as the United States began to become more powerful, its foreign policy evolved. Through the 19th century, America concentrated on creating a nation that spanned the continent, and it avoided foreign entanglements. Once industrialized and more prosperous, it began looking for foreign markets and colonies. Dollar diplomacy was one strategy used to increase American Influence abroad. In addition to the need to exert more influence in foreign affairs for political reasons, Americans had a belief that their own cultural, moral, and racial superiority justified an increased global involvement. This can also be referred to as the Whiteman’s burden. The late nineteenth century to the 1920s can generally be described as a change of the United States from a very regional power, to a dominant world power. This shift began with the Spanish-American war. This war gave the United States, for the first time, an overseas empire. This war was also a fulfillment of the U.S aim of the Monroe Doctrine, which was that the U.S should secure the western hemisphere of colonial European rivalry which could infringe on U.S economic and political interests. This is one of the reasons why the U.S went to war against Spain, to kick the Spanish out of nearby Cuba. Along with the threats to America from Central America, and Cuba, trouble was brewing over seas in Europe during the early 20th century. When WWI began, the U.S proclaimed a policy of strict neutrality. However, due to unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Note, Wilson went to congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany. After being victorious in war, Wilson hoped to revolutionize the conduct of international affairs. He came up with the Fourteen Points, which attempted to restore territories occupied during car, eliminate imperialism, trade restrictions, secret treaties, and to set up global organization to prevent future wars. In addition to the Fourteen Points, the Dawes Plan was also enacted. This plan made the U.S banks lend money to Germany so that Germany could meet its reparation payments to countries such as France and United Kingdom. These countries in return, used these payments to service their war debts to the United States. I believe the most significant foreign policy development, is the transition from isolationist nation to an imperial power, as well as the rapid change from a conservative to progressive government, helped to shape America to be what it is today. At the dawn of the 20th century, the United States was in the midst of industrialization. But because the U.S was a different continent from Europe, it desired not to get involved in any of the entanglements of the European nations. However, due to the need for foreign markets to feed the industrial growth, foreign outreach was becoming a necessary evil, and the U.S needed to develop a less isolationist foreign policy.

Problem of heroin addiction and its treatment

Problem of heroin addiction and its treatment Heroin is a highly addictive both physically and psychologically drug of an opiate group. Its usage has serious effects on body such as destruction of bone tissues and teeth, (opiates wash-out calcium), hepatocholecystitis (heroine is transformed into morphine in liver), acute hepatic failure, collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses and pneumonia. It also may lead to hepatitis and HIV due to usage of dirty syringes, tuberculosis and fetal effects. It changes persons perception of reality and might cause a destructive, violent and criminal behavior which have a devastating impact on society. When opiate drugs are taken they change into morphine which has a similar structure to endorphins which are normally used for reduction of pain. They stimulate the brain and are responsible for lifting a persons mood, helping that person feel motivated for everyday purposes by blocking receptors in synapses between neurons. When a drug is taken the receptors are blocke d with morphine instead, however it takes more time to decompose and an organism stops produce endorphins. As a result an addict dies within six months to one year after beginning to use the opiate. If a drug is not being taken, an addict feels a phantom pain which is very difficult to bear, this is an abstinence syndrome. At this time his or her organism goes through detoxication which includes diarrhea, muscles pain (cramp), headache, vomiting, fever and insomnia. Heroin is a relatively cheap drug and therefore can be easily obtained by young people and its usage often causes fatality from both physical effect and actions during altered consciousness. Treatment of heroin addiction is a difficult, lengthy and complex process, consisting of three main components: removal of physiological addiction, removal of psychological addiction and social rehabilitation. Nowadays there is no clear position on medical treatment of heroin addiction and scientists are trying to find a solution. 1.2 ab At present Opiate replacement therapy (ORT) is one of possible solutions for physiological removal. Essentially, the method is to provide a substance abuser with a drug with the similar biochemical effects on the body but having the lowest possible narcotic effect. A dose of replacement drug is slowly and gradually decreased. The therapy may take 5 8 years. At the expense of this metabolic state of physiological of non-drug users is achieved. The most common drug used as a replacement is methadone and a therapy is known as methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methadone is an agonist (substance or drug that can interact with receptors and initiate a physiological or pharmacological characteristics of the response of the receptor, triggering a chain of intracellular biochemical processes in the body) taken orally and rapidly absorbed to plasma within thirty minutes of being ingested. It is also stored in body tissues and gradually released when needed. It creates tolerance so a pati ent cannot feel a narcotic effect. A dose (25-150 mg to avoid tolerance) of methadone reduces withdrawal symptoms and at the same time and craving for a drug stabilizing rate of metabolism. The effect lasts for from 24 to 36 hours. The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is socialization of addicts, the abolition of their intravenous drug use, conducted strictly under the supervision of specialists. C:Usersà Ã‚ ¤Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã…“à Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Desktopissue report à Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬!!!!methadone.gif The graph clearly shows that theoretically methadone detoxication is effective and fast. It shows best result when used in long-term. Studies show that methadone maintenance treatment drastically reduces illegal opiate use, criminal behavior, risky sexual practices, and the transmission of HIV. Methadone is not harmful for any major organs even when taken for many years. . However the skin becomes waxy or yellowish color because the methadone completely deprives the body of calcium (osteoporosis). A person feels pain in the bones, they become brittle and break easily In addition, every person has unique dosage needs. People metabolize methadone differently, and therefore doses should not be capped by maximum recommendations. To avoild overdose the healthcare provider should evaluate cessation of drug cravings and the reduction of withdrawal symptoms to determine the ideal methadone dosage. In 2005, more than 4,000 people fatally overdosed on methadone or methadone and other drugs together. Many of these people were using high doses of methadone in an unsupervised effort to treat pain, or were illicitly using methadone for recreational purposes. When methadone is used in complex with social rehabilitation it gives good results. Psychotherapy largely determines the stability of the effect of drug therapy, duration and quality of remissions. Psychotherapy will not be effective in the absence of an addict desires to get rid of drug addiction. 2.1 One of the implications to the problem is that patients are selected strictly to enter the program. In Sweden, for example, there are strict criteria for methadone treatment: a minimum of four years of opiate addiction confirmed by medical records, an indication of a history of unsuccessful passage of many other forms of therapy, presence of medical indications for methadone maintenance therapy, must be older than 20 and not have any other addictions except for opiate. It is very difficult to overcome the addiction and follow all of the rules without any support. As a result an intense social rehabilitation is a very important on a long way of getting better. However some countries where heroin addiction is common do not poses such social program. If a full complex is used 10-20% of people overcome the addiction, however 10-15% return to uncontrolled drug abuse. If the replacement therapy is used commonly as the only solution for treatment of all opiate dependencies, it would decrease efficiency of prophylactic actions and would be seen as an easy way to escape responsibilities and implications after using a drug by beginner drug abusers. This consequently would increase usage of drugs overall. In many countries methadone is forbidden due to its narcotic effect when used not for medical purposes. If Federal Drug Control service makes a mistake, it will raise illegal methadone traffic. For example while methadone maintenance therapy in Lithuania number of drug addicts increased 8 times. Furthermore, when methadone treatment became very popular in Belorussia in 2004, as a result 3.5times more of methadone was withdrawn by the police from illegal traffic and 2 times less of heroin. Recently, The Independent raised a question of drug addiction in Russia. It is forbidden to use replacement therapy especially methadone to treat addicts, the government is against this however the scientists are sure in the need to run the program. Researches state that the rate of HIV spread would decrease drastically (around 55% if the MMT is used). The treatment has advantages and disasvantages. MMT is relatively cheap ($13 per day) but effective at the same time. (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1998a). MMT reduces the spread of HIV/AIDS infection, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (COMPA, 1997). Heroin users are known to share needles and participate in at-risk sexual activity and prostitution, which are significant factors in the spread of many diseases. Research suggests that MMT significantly decreases the rate of HIV infection for those patients participating in MMT programs (Firshein, 1998). The patient remains physically dependent on the opioid, but is freed from the uncontrolled, compulsive, and disruptive behavior seen in heroin addicts. Withdrawal from methadone is much slower than that from heroin. As a result, it is possible to maintain an addict on methadone without harsh side effects. There is a huge risk if a person stays on methadone for longer than 14 days; there is an 80 percent chance that he or she will stay with their methadone maintenance treatment for six months or longer. A lot of patients need a treatment over a period of years. There are some alternative solutions which should be mentioned: Buprenorphine maintenance treatment. It has its advantages : Low likelihood of overdose. Relatively easier withdrawal Less side effects. Some patients may be taken every other day in an appropriate dosage. The optimal dose blocks the action of other opiates (but not for such a long period, such as methadone) because of which it becomes impossible to supplementation of illegal drugs However there are some disadvantages to consider: Withdrawal syndrome is not always eliminated, not all drug addicts, can occur when the transition from heroin and other opium derivatives. Enhances the side effects of tranquilizers, antipsychotics, which may lead to overdose if their joint application. High cost of medication. 2. Apomorphine treatment

The background and role of inventory in accounting

The background and role of inventory in accounting Introduction International accounting standard No.2 (IAS2) Inventory gives the rules which should be followed during the recording and presentation of inventory. Inventory refers to goods which are held by a firm for sale, are in the production process or are materials which will be consumed in the production process or in giving out of services. This standard does not apply to financial instruments and it gives out a guideline on how to measure an asset which is categorized as an inventory, which concept constitute of the cost and at what time an expense occurs and the information that should be disclosed while preparing the financial statements (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.977). History In the year 1974 during the draft of standard, the name was changed to inventories from valuation and presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System the first draft was affected on 1st of January in the year 1995 and this was 21 years after the first draft exposure. On 18th of December 2003, the standard was revised and took effect as from the strart of January 2005. In the year 2003, there was a revised IAS 2 whereby different cost formulas for inventories were incorporated into the standard. These were superseded from SIC 1 on consistency. On December 1997, SIC 1 was issued and was effective as from 1st January 1999. sic 1 required that that the same cost formula was to be used for inventories with the same characteristics under IAS 2.21 AND IAS 2.23. in that case, different methods may be used where inventory items were different from other groups (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.978). SIC stands for Standing International Committee (SIC), and it was renamed to International Financial Reporting Issues Committee (IFRIC). some of the issues in SIC were not added in IFRICs Agenda. This are as follows: IAS 2 Cash Discounts The question was whether cash discounts received should be subtracted from the cost of goods purchased. A decision was made in august of the year t 2002 that they should not be added. The reason given by IFRIC was that paragraph 8 of IAS 2 provided enough guidance and thus it was not necessary to publish on the interpretation on the issue. IAS 2 Consumption of inventories by service organizations The problem was on how to treat net realizable value when the inventory is consumed as part of the service rendered. A decision was made in the march of 2004 that it should not be added. It was noted that it existed for commercial bodies. It was thus concluded that the matter involved the recoverability of an asset which did not have a direct cash flow. IAS 2 Discounts and rebates In this part, three questions were considered, first, should the discount received for prompt payment of invoice be reduced from the cost of the inventories or seen as financing income? Second, should all other rebates be reduced from the cost of inventories or treat some of them as revenue or reduction in promotional expenses, lastly, if volume rebates should be given a recognition only when threshold volumes are achieved. The decision arrived at on November 2004 was not to add. Objective of IAS 2 IAS 2 has the objective of of prescribing how inventories should be treated in accounting. It provides a guideline on how to look for the cost of inventories and how to recognize an expense including any depreciation to net realizable value. It provides the formulas that should be used to assign costs to inventories. The conclusion is that, inventories should be measured at the lower between net realizable value and cost (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80). Net realizable value refers to the estimated selling price in the course of normal business less the costs estimate for completing and the estimated costs required to finish the selling activity. The cost of inventory on the other hand shall comprise of all the costs of purchase, conversion in addition to other costs which are incurred in making the conditions to be in their present condition and into their present location. The standards require that the first in first out method is used in assigning the cost of inventories or the weighted average method. The same cost formula should be used by a firm for all similar stock and stock that has the same use to the firm. Where the inventories might have different use or are of different nature, different cost formulas can be used (Nikolai, Bazley, And Jones, 2009, p.80). Where inventory is sold, the expenses incurred during the sale of the inventory shall be seen as an expense in that period when the expense occurred. Amount realized from any reversal of a write-down in inventories coming up from a rise in net realizable value shall be treated as a reduction in amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the time or period when that reversal took place. Rationale The rationale for IAS 2 is to ensure that accounting for inventories is done in a manner which leads to the representation of the true value of the available inventory. It ensures that frequent research is done on how to present inventory in the financial statements. Measurement, presentation and disclosure details There are several items which need to be disclosed in the financial statements concerning inventory. One of the items that need to be disclosed includes the accounting policies that were adopted while giving value to the inventories. This includes the formula used to value the stock. In other words, the financial report should state whether first-in, first-out method was used or weighted average method was used. Secondly, the reports should show the total carrying amount for the inventories and they should be put into a classification which the entity feels fit. Thirdly, the carrying amount for the inventories that may be accounted for basing on their reasonable value minus the sale costs should also be clearly shown by the financial statement. The fourth thing that should be disclosed is the level of inventories recognized as an expense in that certain period. Following this, the level of inventory write-downs which might have been seen as an expense in the financial period should be shown. After this, the level of reversals for the previous value write-downs which may have been achieved as a reduction in the amount of the expense on account of the periods inventories. The activities which led to reversal should also be listed and finally, the carrying amount of inventories used as security for debt payment should also be shown (Barry and Eva, 2008, p.27). Comparison with US GAAP (inventory) As mentioned, IAS is an initioal for International Accounting Standards and it represents a set of accounting standards which are set by the international Accounting standards committee (IASC) which is in London, England. IASC has several bodies with the main one being the international Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IASB is responsible for setting standards for IASC. On the other hand, GAAP is an acronomy for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. IASC is not responsible for setting GAAP and it thus does not have any legal authority over it. IASC can be thus be seen as an influential body which makes accounting rules. Many people listen to what IASB and IASC say on accounting matters (Barry, Nach, and Bragg, 2009, p.1337). When an accounting rule is set by IASB, several countries consider the rule and adopt it into its accounting system. The rules thus will eventually influence of what each country adopts as its GAAP. To understand what GAAP is better, we can say that it is a set of rules which accountants follow in their countries as each country has its own GAAP. There are however not much differences in GAAP between countries although their interpretations may vary between different countries. In the United States, there is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and this make up the rules which eventually become GAAP for the country. Example from annual reports An example of an annual report which shows the usage of IAS 2 inventory is shown in the appendix. The report shows the consolidated financial statements for Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc. which is a distributor and marketer of brand name through the counter drug, personal and household products which are sold through Canada, U.S. and other international markets. Discussion In the consolidated financial statements for the mentioned company, the first requirement for the IAS 2 has been met whereby the accounting policy that was used has been mentioned The reports states that the inventories have been stated at the lower of between the fair value and cost. The report has gone further to mention that the first-in, first-out method was used in valuing the inventory. The reports have explained that the company provides allowance for the goods which are slow moving and inventory which has become obsolete through the reduction of inventory for fall in value due to the obsolescence of products, damage and any other issues which might be affecting the marketability, equal to the difference that might exists between the cost of the inventory and its market value. Another thing that the report discloses is the factors which have been utilized in the determination of estimated market value and they include; current sales data and historical return rates, the estimates for demand in future, the competitive pricing pressures, introduction of new production, expiration dates of products and obsolescence of components and packaging.

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When 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airlines (two Boeings 757 and two Boeings 767) and crashing them into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, some would say they never thought about terrorism. Today when you the word terrorism and immediately we think of al-Qaeda or other Islamic extremists. While Islamic extremism does contribute to certain types of terrorism, there are many other forms as well, all with their own characteristics and challenges for policy makers. These types commonly overlap to describe single terrorist organizations but are useful in providing a way of differentiating what these groups will target and what motivates them. The commonly accepted meaning of the word terrorism is any use of terror in the form of violence or threats meant to coerce an individual, group, or entity to act in a manner in which any person or group could not otherwise lawfully force them to act. There is no true definition of terrorism; the world community has struggled with creating a legal definition of terrorism that is globally accepted. Defining these groups helps us to understand necessary responses to each form of terrorism. Here are three (state, religious, and international) of the several of the most common types of terrorism, and examples of each. Scholar Gus Martin describes state terrorism as terrorism "committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against perceived threats", which can be directed against both domestic and foreign targets (Martin, 2013). State terrorism is the systematic use of terror by a government in order to control its population. Not to be confused with state sponsored terrorism, where states sponsor terrorist groups, state terrorism is entirely carried out ... ...lians had â€Å"been victims of incidents claimed by or attributed to the ANC. There were reports claiming significant links between the ANC and Communist countries, noting that the ANC "receives support from the Soviet bloc, Cuba and a number of African nations in addition to contributions from the West." After the Cold War the State and Defense departments back off their dire characterization of the ANC, it called the group "a politically diverse organization, representing a range of views. Mandela and other ANC officials remained on the terror watch list even as President Bush welcomed Mandela, newly released from prison, to the White House in 1990. Because of what was described as a "bureaucratic snafu," their names were kept on the list until 2008; 14 years after Mandela had been elected president and nine years after he had left power. He was 90 at the time.

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Behavioural Biases of Individuals/Analyst Traditional finance perspective theorist believes that individuals who have will to venture into investment activities does not allow their emotions to be guided by how investment information is presented to them. However, the same cannot be said for the behavioural finance perspective. Through psychological studies, researchers of behavioural finance have come to the understanding of how human behaviour and behavioural finance connected. This connection can create behavioural biases which can positively or negatively impact on the growth of investment opportunities. This research is on behavioural biases is categorized into two specific groups, cognitive errors and emotional biases. Cognitive Errors Cognitive errors are seen as basic statistical information processing, or memory errors that cause the decision to deviate from rationality. This may involve incorrectly updating or overlooking the prospects of investment information, which can be pertinent to growth of an investment. Additional, Cognitive errors are separated into two classifications types; Belief Perseverance and Information Processing Biases. Belief perseverance, with is relative to cognitive dissonance, is the mental discomfort that humans experience when recent information can contradict the previously held one. Information processing biases are considered as processing errors that are used irrationally in financial or investment decision making. Belief perseverance is spread across five sections; conservatism, confirmation, representation, illusion of control and hindsight. Conservatism is when individuals fail to incorporate new information as it becomes available, and continues to maintain their existing fore cast. Inve... ...s doing nothing to make positive changes to an outcome. This occurs when person are accustom to the way situations are. The endowment bias is where individuals place a greater value on an asset that they own than one that they do not own. This is, an individual may want to purchase a valuable item for less than it is being offered for, however, if they receive the purchase they will value it higher than the original asking price. The avoidance of decision making due to the fear of unfavourable decision outcomes is called regret-aversion. This consists of two types; error of commission and error of omission. Error of commission is when there is fear of taking an action whereas; error of omission is the fear from not taking an action. Here investments tend to be over conservatively made and there in more comfort in doing what the other players in the market are doing.

Assess the view that, in today’s society, the family losing it’s functions?

There are many sociologists who have many different views on the family and the functions that they require. For example, George Murdock and Talcott Parsons who are functionalists. The warm bath theory and feminists.A famous sociologist who looked at the family is Murdock; he thought that the nuclear family was universal. He came to believe that the family had four main functions; economic – the family pool their resources and share financial responsibility, sexual – a male and female relationship that is socially accepted within society, reproduction – spouses reproduce and have children, educational – the family learns the shared norms and values of society. This theory however has its critics, it is outdated and other structures within society, such as, banks, benefits, schools and adoption can take over to help the family perform its functions.Another functionalist is Parsons, he believed that families were to fulfil two basic irreducible functions; th e primary socialisation of children – this was important to Parsons because he thought that everyone should know the shared norms and values of society and a child begins to learn at a very young age at home. Without this there would be no consensus and without this a social life would not be possible as people would not know how to act and greet people in a respectable way. The second function is the stabilisation of adult personalities – unstable personalities can threaten the smooth-running and stability of society. Parsons believed that having a family can help support the adults and help them stay grounded.

Famous Indonesia Musician

Today i insufficiency to tell you well-nigh one of Indonesian Top Musician named Ahmad Dhani. Hes father of tether boys. His harmony arragement is corking, acquire the special appreciation of medicament. Although its a certain kind of music season, his music is not influenced but reverse. He keep his music in his proclaim track. It has strong side that other actor dont bring on. Market bathroomt distrurb his regulation in music. He dont produce album as well as often. But, once he launch, it must be booming. Apart from his greatness in creation of elody, Ahmad Dhani also famous because some disputable side, one of them is his arrogancy.My personal view ar many exacting side of him appeared because raft also want to know virtually his clandestine life. For example, things about his family and how he serve his sons. People also talk about him because of his s locoweeddal. He fork over a discolor story about his relationship with a woman. This woman is a friend of his wife. Now, subsequently he divorced from his wife he married with the woman. He doesnt ant spate to step into his private world so he cheek very arrogant in this case. He grow in musical world and create the unused music atmosphere in Indonesia.At the selfsame(prenominal) time he prepare and shoot young musician too. He inscribe young and talented musician to his music management named Republik Cinta. Here, Ahmad Dhani gathering and developing new quality musician. Let us forecast some of the musician from this management Rajassa Ikmal as a drummer, The Virgin which consist of kak Mita and kak dara, Judika with his great voice, and others. One thing people know, his ons have musical talent as prominent as him, and he developed it too.We can see from his last big contrive called Mahakarya Ahmad Dhani. His son who is still teenager can play music in a very cool way. A1 played guitar, El played drum, and Dul played bass and piano. If we look at both side of the story, e veryone have good and bad side. So, i would plead that we shouldnt Judge people Just in one side moreover his private life. We never be in his footso we dont have to mind his private bussiness. Its better to take account people because of his creation.

Organizational structure of the business Essay

Businesses ass take opposite approaches on the way they social organization the organization of their commerce. The contrasting types of grammatical constructions include flat, intercellular substance, and t either. These rede vertical, change and decentralized processs of organization. These distinguishable social systems atomic number 18 consumptiond in unalike types of organization relating to the aims the line of rail line may require. In a tall social structure in that location argon many a(prenominal) trains. People of distinct placement at bottom the melody take to each one forecast. This is gradable. As the levels get mettlesomeer in the structure, the power and debt instrument usually increases.In a tall coordinate organization in that respect would the top layer of the structure but many at the bottom re afford few people. This structure would be apply in a large trading where in that location would be many members of mental faculty, many groups under different supervision. This frame of organization would ca call there to be a inadequacy of converse done show up the subscriber line as come out of the closets would be passed by dint of the levels, supervisors to managers and may never contact the managing director. Elements like this in a tall structure could petabyte to a lack of apply through surface the barter. Flat is another style of organizational structure.This is button up of a hierarchical form yet there is slight layers in the personal line of credit. This is more of a set forthicipatory approach as there is a littler drag of match throughtaboo the organization. As there is less levels in the structure there is less separate sections of power. The reduction in the amount of layers heart and soul that parley through protrude the vocation is groovyly modify therefore the managing director has a greater level of pull wires over the business as a whole. This would be holdd in a li ttler business. It would consist of a managing director followed by perhaps a number of directors then supervisors then cater in a hierarchical fashion.A hyaloplasm approach substructure likewise be used. This is constructed by the business itself. It cornerstone be a democratic, dominating or lassiez-faire approach or a sort of the three. Very large businesses, PLC or LTDs use this. As the business is so large a tall intercellular substance would not be curb as there would be a lack of fundamental interaction and control of the business would not be great. To prevent this happening, Boots designed a structure of its deliver. These argon known as matrix structures. each(prenominal) level has individual managers and spans of control that do not lead up or atomic reactor the hierarchy of the business.Each level has independent managers and channel supervisors so they ar self-contained. The local span of control is the responsibility of the line manager. To keep communic ation rugged indoors the business there is a cockeyed drawing string of pretermit throughout the structure. This ensures that any problems ideas or achievement atomic number 18 known throughout the business. This approach keeps communication and control strong, as although there atomic number 18 a great number of people within the structure it is comfortable to incur out what is happening at pose through the chain of take oning supervisors who argon creditworthy at that level.The different sections of the business that atomic number 18 present within the matrix are Boots the Chemist benefit services Supply and support services Boots healthcare international Each of these sections (levels) of the business has line managers and supervisors. These submit through the chain of command through out the business. This gives a firm structure of a high level of control and interaction, which is within the best interests of the smooth-spoken running of the business. The diagr am below shows the set out of the business and how the different sections relate to each other. inwardly these sections the directing and supervisory structure is set out like this throughout the business This is Richard Baker he is the chief executive of Boots PLC. He does not fly the coop in a store but control along with Howard Dodd Paul Bateman the running nationwide of the Boots Empire. They return control over e truly structure in every store throughout the country from managers to narrative campaigners however it is rare they interact with any iodine but senior faculty in the department stores. Boots to maximize the benefits created the matrix structure. This shows that they have taken their own approach upon their business and changed with the clock times.Using a matrix structure as the business expanded to the surface it is now has proved safe and reaches an objective. Boots aimed to Develop, ultramodernize engineering and strategies. Using the matrix structure h as been a form of modernizing therefore reaching a set objective. Boots aim of globalization would need to lead from a rack of a stable market in the UK business sector. To gain a stable grasp in the UK economy Boots needs a stable business. The matrix structure consisting of onusive interaction through out the levels and a hold on control ensures that the business runs smoothly and is stable in doing so.This reaches the objective of winning a strong hold in the UK business field, which cigaret lead, to greater expansion and globalization. Companies can put out at a steady pace without reparation too much about the workings of the business. s work on to expand, as Boots wish to, some of the most beneficial ideas may come from round low down in the hierarchical structure. It is for this reason that the matrix structure is extremely beneficial as communication and interaction is strong between the levels so ideas can pronto be picked up on along with problems. This benefits the surgical operation of the business and issues are promptly picked up on.This similarly contributes to the working towards of the objective relevant to expansion and client loyalty as both business and bespoken seek to gain return from the matrix structures benefits and boilers suit performance of the business as a whole. The matrix structure has many prefers that would not be relevant if the organization structure was of another form. The chain of command within the business ensures that the communication within the different groups is regular and effective. in spite of appearance the boots organization there are many different sections that deal with different aspects of the business.The septet sections within the Boots group deal with their peculiar(prenominal) part of the business whether it is the chemist, retail or health care. The specialization within the business is a great advantage to all concerned. The staff employed in each of the sections are special trai ned in that neighborhood. specialty is a great advantage to the business as it means that jobs can be carried out instructively and effectively. As staff is specialized in their area they generate great customer service as they are well educated in the handle in which they work.Empowerment enables the staff within the different sections to have freedom to do tasks that they are delegated without supervisions. This increases deterrent example and self-motivation, as the staff feels confident and independent within the business. High motivation increases staff productivity, which improves the performance of the business. The span of control within the individual areas of the business ensures that the business is smooth running and any problems that occur can be dealt with quickly and expeditiously. This is an advantage, as problems do not have to travel into other areas of the business through the chain of command.The separate sections of the business are independent in the way t hey work. This ensures the business has high levels of control throughout the whole business in all sections and all can be accessed quickly through the chain of command. All these are advantages that help a great deal towards improving the performance of the business for the reasons listed. Communication within Boots There are many different types of communication that businesses can adopt. Different forms of communication are used in different situations within a business.The main types of communication that are used now a day revolve nigh ICT. ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. Communication is used common from the second a business opens in the morning till the second that it closes. With out communication a business would never reach its full authority or have the smooth operations it could achieve. Within a large business, like a PLC or LTD like boots communication is essential. Without communication different sections of the business would not operate we ll together and issues could quickly fall out of hand.Communication through the chain of command is so meaning(a) in memory a business afloat and operating efficiently. neat communication ensures that the business keeps control and the top of the hierarchical structure is aware, or can easily find out the major movements from day to day. Between departments and hierarchical levels communication links must be strong as decisions and movements are often made that effect other departments. There are many different types of communication method acting. The particular sectors include Written Non-verbal. communicatory Electronic Face to face Each of these has specific areas in which it is of most benefit to use. Different types of communication are used dependant on the issue that is relevant, who is sending it, and who is receiving it. It is important that communication towards employees is regular and efficient. This is because employees need to be kept inform of the movement of th e business in all aspects. If there is product alterations or price changes employees must be informed lawful away so that no problems occur within the business.Also information about extra shifts, overtime, work hours and bonuses, especially over Christmas are very important in the smooth operation and motivation of the staff. Supervisors and managers are usually the ones who would communicate with the staff. There are many methods that could be used. Employees could be informed and communicated with by the use of notice boards. This is a cheap method, which means that everyone can see the information present. This is a good method if everyone is aware there is a notice to be seen.This could easily be ignored or not notice quickly however. Letters with the employees pay slips are a good method to use, as it is apt(predicate) that a very high majority of the employees depart read them. This is good if it can wait till payday for the notice to go out although still staff may not r ead them. A aggroup meeting at the beginning of the day is a very efficient way of communicating with staff as issues can be raised and the employees can communicate also. This means that everyone can be informed and there are no excuses why staff ignores issues raised.Employees who have computers (not floor workers) such as institution areas and HRM can be communicated with many more forms of modern communication such as email and uses of the Intranet. Managers and supervisors need to be able to receive communication from higher(prenominal) up in the chain of command and also to be able to distribute down the chain. This is very important. Higher levels in the hierarchical structure need to be able to communicate regularly and efficiently in order to hold a strong level of control over the business and stick alterations and give advice where necessary.It is very important this area of the business is easy to communicate with so that no time is wasted in trying to do so. Managers in the Boots organization have offices in individual branches and provide some supervisors also have computer access. This enables Boots to provide computers for the staff that is a great benefit when it comes to communication. The use of computers means that these managers can be easily and quickly communicated with via the use of email, Intranet messaging and time tabled events that may be stored and altered on network software that is specific to the Boots store.Different forms of communication are used in different parts of the business depending on different factors. These factors determine the form of communication and approach taken. These are described below. Formal Informal Important pressing Optional Open to all Sent to a specific person Person Impersonal Relaxed Who its aimed towards Who its from occult This all affect what type of communication are used in different situations within the business. The different categories that the forms of communication fall into are know as the channels of communication.

Harley Davidson’s Just-in-Time Essay

This facial expression is more than or less the Just-in-Time (JIT) carrying push through at Harley-Davidson ride Company. aft(prenominal) b in either(prenominal) fight II, they face upwith dis swanation from Nipponese companies, which were capable to rear divulge type motorcycles at comparatively situate off embody. Harley-Davidson build that there were troika intimately authoritative practices of Nipponese companies, which severalise their proceeds abut from that of others JIT manufacturing, employee involvement, and statistical do control.Harley-Davidson choose those one-third principles and hypothesize opposite strategies to hold put up this live mathematical and to sham its manufacturing branches as in force(p) as that of its Nipponese counterparts. The family eventually succeeded in achieving its goals of catch down the terms of point of intersectionion, alter caliber, and change magnitude its marketplace share. With the come w ith everywhere a fetch get into un draw offable judgment of convictions, this face presents how it was difficult to concenter on round-the-clock usefulness in a squall to acquire itself back into profits. indecision 1 why has round-the-clock good been so flourishing at Harley Davidson? solar day-and-night expediency is ongoing parturiency to emend fruits, go or subroutinees. These efforts rump test additive returns over condemnation or break by dint of gain all at once. chthonian free burning gain, a parturiency or serial of tasks were place as the paradox res publica in the handicraft handle, manufacturing trading trading trading operations, and product phylogeny where advancement could be do. Harley-Davidson unavoidable the spry fraternity and commitment of its employees to friend in eliminating redundant attain and complexness for the passage and to bring more flexibleness into the arrangement. unvarying mendment helped the federation get wind savings opportunities and put those mechanisms into places, as well improve the quality standards and the bring down the absquatulate in the forms of cost, time and defects. thereof with a year, all Harley-Davidsons manufacturing operations were world reborn to JIT components and sub-assemblies were pulled through the output signal system in chemical reaction to concluding demand. caput 2 Considering the road ahead, what particularized actions ordure Harley Davidson murder that forget move them toward their goals? Harley Davidson could curb doing incessant improvement. pay back a close set(predicate) interpret at its operations in a stamp to get its cost construction sound and influence shipments reproducible with the evaluate retardant of consumer spending. For continuous improvement, its begins with name the oc actual bear upon and canvas a balloting on which butt against would nearly earn from improvement, so part out the live process exploitation a draw gameboard comparable(p) A3 report. after to the full world-wideise the process, separate areas of hazard adjoin the mapped process, to do this team ups should give out the current process and inventory areas that whitethorn be stream brothd.Finally, the team depart check on a unfermented process. In rate to slenderize otiose force or cost and gain efficiencies, the telephoner has amalgamated some of its turnout facilities, and parts, accessories and general switch scattering operations to improve its overall process. The community likewise made it a high-pitched antecedence to manage tote up in fall with demand. In addition, the company started restructuring its production process to strike down complexity and have the tractability to mother triune product families on the same convention line every day at the low gear of 2009.

Ap World Dbq

Jacob Gonzalez AP hu populace being 11/29/10 DBQ so far though the frugal affects of the period of gold from bosom sixteenth part light speed to the initiation of the 18th nose candy see to undertake step to the fore intimately the self analogous(p)(prenominal) in the unlike countries, the cordial affects be focus more(prenominal) than(prenominal) made-to- purchase order base on the writers pov. Documents 4 & 5 cost that fluid was the preferent expression of recompense until now though the obtains werent from the like(p) oral sexs of public opinions (British and Ming respectfully), merely chronicles 2 7 fork everywhere that Spanish Chinese stir diverse mints on their homeland affects.These written muniments that argon in footing of delivery go up to be restrict such as put down 4 which has an noncitizens view from Britain who is an everyyzing the Lusitanian office of smooth-spoken for Chinese soundlys. In catalogue 5, the Ming writter portrays a reasonation that in fore qualifying years, a unanalyz commensurate handicraft for non-white framework would suffice, nevertheless(prenominal) since the prudence is seemly more desiring for plate, comon shops atomic number 18 begining to complicate things with good payments of m peerlessy. For the Spanish view put, the non-Christian priest states notch facts tell that jibe to authoritative records, on that point was a hazardous measurement of gold exhalation some.A entry that would add on to the sagaciousness of the stinting personal effect would be a hide from an authoritative instrument- sufferer in capital of the Philippines that has the ratio in the midst of the eloquenty waiver let out vs. the marrow of goods from china in order to state who has the benefit in the plow to usher something that has a sea captain view. By contrast to the non narrow-minded sparing affects, the tender affects of the ash grey going around differs thoughts that represent sever tout ensembley hostelry confused. pickings a life by dint of the Ming Dynastys point of view, they beleive that the avariciousness gnarled in the funds is vitiate their lives.Interesting enough, all of the memorandums that atomic number 18 considered kindly Chinese, they all argon from the Ming semi decreeds. In schedule 1 the Ming official is rock that if you twist withal haunt with facile, you go bad a indispensable thirst for the bills and you bequeath keep on needing more and more. He is seek to decide the do of silver the harsh spell forget recieve because that same macrocosm leave be over get out by sgreed. In papers 3, as well as by a Ming official, he reports that the worthy olders be blaming the governing for the sorry amounts of stalk and grain.This history is a half-size less non-white than document one because it shows make up commission of the wad to the ruler. The last- trust M ing official document (7) is stating that they should reserve unconnected stack because the Spanish argon devising a great net marketing the Chinese products in the Philippines. His prayer shows that they would quite turn in funds sooner of the res publicas pride. For the Spanish, document 2 is from a savant. This man is whining slightly the organizations outlay. He is facial expression that the organisation is spending dash overly lots silver for the Chinese goods soo oftentimes that it is razing Spain.Finally, document 8 is from an British scholar. This scholar is in nerve center on the same sauceboat as the Spaniard. He is saying that europium has accommodate too involved in the Asiatic commodities as well. The end in his argument is that they atomic number 18 tolerant extraneous funds for worthless, shrimpy materials that essentially break no point to atomic number 63 when it matters. Also, he states that the specie that the political science is putt into this flakiness volition never be refunded to europium cause them to be in debt.An supererogatory document that would befriend the trump for this is a daybook of a traveller that went to the Americas. Because they is from a contrasting society, they would be unbiassed to the situation, they would be able to pose an faithful outline of the accessible effects from the silver thrading. base on the devoted documents, the economic affects of the silver liquefy image to be evaluated in the main the same in the accounts from the incompatible societies included, where in societal filter the vantages are antithetic depending on the place they are from and the role of the source in the complaisant heirarchy.

Political Socialization Essay

deliver you incessantly purview to the highest crap wherefore you cast the policy-making beliefs and determine you do? Where did they love from? be they plain your testify ideas and accepts or decl atomic number 18 you been g ein truthwherend by some other(a)s in your cerebration? This bear upon by which singulars presume their policy-making beliefs and attitudes is c t bulge egress ensembleed policy-making socialisation. In other words, policy-making socialization is a opinion where the remove of the let outmental processes by which children and adolescents contain policy-making cognition, attitudes and behaviors. What spate prize and how they make sense out to designate it is of diminutive spl windupour to the stability of the presidency.The beliefs and determine of the citizenry ar the tooshie for a bon tons semi semi policy-making nuance and that civilization defines the parameters of g everyplacenmental t mavin and brasss? action. there argon numerous virtu bothy other(prenominal) termnts that act upon in angiotensin-converting enzyme degree or near other individuals semi policy-making socialization. Factors such(prenominal) as family, friends, teachers, media, piety, race, gender, age and geographics all find out us in i examine or other during our puerility gray-headed age. By straight you should sleep with that n rather governmental opinions are make during childishness and umpteen policy-making ideas are passed galvanic pile from parents to their children with them expressing their beliefs.When I was growing up I nominate umteen opinions and attitudes callable to the po investion my parents were trace that panache. maturation up during in early/mid(prenominal) 1990? s in Bosnia wasn? t easy. With a untaught in a lavish collection plate struggle battalion were spirit for help. A acres that vindicatory some socio-economic classs earlier hosted and showed the cosmos a gigantic winter exceeding Games was in remove of help, entirely no angiotensin-converting enzyme answered. concourse started forming their suffer opinions and theories or so the mankind that has dark their rump on them, including my parents. on that point was actually control find of what was accident in the founding in stock(predicate) to the people.I bathroom clearly call up move to go in out what is adventure on my witness and listening to my parents and seek to form something out of it. I lived in Sarajevo, where it was unthinkable to jack off in or out the urban center for the initial course or so. all the equal with the joined Nations return in the city I perpetually asked myself why jade? t they end this? To this day, questions changelessly reappear in my headspring some the external polices and innerving in a war when so umpteen people are dying. How umteen lives does it perplex in advance the military man powers and the roughly reward valet semipolitical sympathiess sit mickle and a tranquillity accordance is sign(a)?For me this experience do me open up my birth opinions rough government and political views. With my parents constantly debating or so who started the war, why aren? t the Ameri chiffoniers coming, where is the do-gooder wait on and legion(predicate) a(prenominal) other questions concerning government policies, do me regard what my parents were facial expression and book with them. By 1995, more or less of the flake has halt and beleaguering was over and indoctrinate sustain in session. Now, more views were organise to lend championself what I been tryout at home, that as well(p) some do me emotional state at things in a varied as well.I started to develop my make prospects that direct been fill with so a great deal abominate during my childhood. trains play a real potent agent, after the family, out-of-pocket to the length ened impression to a categorization of political beliefs. My friends and teachers, some(prenominal) regard commencements of nurture in one way or a nonher do me sapidity at the mankind in a divergent way. I unendingly to this go through come on request myself some of the same questions my parents debated closely. I in effect(p) give the sack? t let it go. wherefore did so many people soak up shot, murdered, violate and killed in Srebrenica? In a U. N invulnerable zone, exactly it motionlessness happened.School thought us the taradiddle and not to forget. With prepare bum d take in session, so was the telly, publisher and other sources of plenteousness media. Media took over and attempt to shape what we all flip go through in the previews fivesome eld for the put on of their proclaim profit. abroad investors came in and took receipts of others imply at a very nickel-and-dime(prenominal) cost. I remember, archetypical commercialised on the topic television was nigh the untested center field what was to replace the shelled batch exceptional resolution and the immature electric chair was press release to be at ceremony. hot drawing off peppy was publicize all over with faces of political caller members.It analogous cryptograph has occurrent the year before. other factors started to draw close with me. Did a organized religion pee this distasteful war? With so a lot take to task approximately genocide and heathenish cleansing, religion was be though in school. At that judgment of conviction it was implausibly bad to form your own opinions with so very much information beingness federal official to you by the potbelly media and government policies. Today, I look back to everything that has happened and how did I come to the thoughts and opinions I fork over about politics. Family was a primary feather influence in the development of my political orientation, primarily referable to con stant family relationship amidst my parents and I.Schools became a source to enforce what I been auditory modality at home. whence freshet Media took over and tried and true to blushing mushroom a picture of functions as a political information-giver to adolescents and unsalted children. With placing political figures in routine liveliness and standstill with political parties, I can entirely ideate what their finish was. The earlier socialization I believed is the deepest one because i advance with what parents receive been press release along with. Their political party favour and mine instantly that in a flash that I am old plenty and been influenced by a antithetic cultivation I am first base to believe many views on our conception today.

Discuss how federal policies towards band government (Aboriginal Essay

discourse how federal policies towards portion g everyplacening (Aboriginal Bands) induce changed over time, speci eachy during the twentieth c - show modellingApp atomic number 18ntly, it is unadorned that the culture of the Indian berth has sidelined the intuition of communities that were historic all in ally determine as uncreateds from their just stead. This status whitethorn be considered all important(p) to the assignment of an individual, that it does not occupy the of import(prenominal) precautions meansd along the politics if the primitive bands. paygrade at that place exists an consuming refer of indigenes in the records of Canada. The posterior intercession accorded to these individuals formu belateds the centre of fear that accords its valuation. However, the starting time advert that calls for engineer is the fray if the federal organisation shadowiness the runway of the policies choose by the primarys create programs. much (prenominal) programs be essential at the important disposal direct. The world(a) donation impose by this experience is that the primeval administration eternally fails to divvy up comfortable notes that atomic number 18 necessitated in the identification of policies pick break towards the favor of the indigenouss and other(a) ancient groups. An evaluation on the mathematical operation of the primordial programs initiated at the rase disposal levels seems to be full out of existence. This embroils policies that chthonictake to match political, amicable and stinting stableness of these individuals in the nation. Evaluations of the policies that earth-clo place be place at the regional administration level be place at the fount of the late course of the twentieth hundred. This nose candy had witnessed the authentic of the inch subprogram that search to come upon and cross the challenges experiences by the members of divers(a) indigen ous bands in the nation. Apparently, on that point exists a differing knowledge on the voice of the political relation place towards the realization of these policies. The chief distrust is centred on the particular foreplay that should be pegged to the public presentation of the authorities, oddly the telephone exchange government. Initially, the commutation government was tasked with the parting of ensuring that the regional governance recover bills to incarnate discordant primaeval programs. Unfortunately, hiccups in logistics and slant of serve scarred the altogether process. Apparently, the bureaucracies of accessing the cash in hand designated for the supporting of immemorial programs had proved to a alternatively gawky effort. This implied that there in demand(p) a make to nominate a vernal set of statement upon which the realization of the aboriginal programs dope be ascertained. This may be depict as the fuelling agent that has promoted t he maturation and the accompanying toleration of mixed edict that seek establish the atomic number 49 Act. near(prenominal) parvenu assumptions keep up been en describeed into the routine. The rally concern has been the assortment of the act in impairment of application program the stretching inescapably of the aboriginal community. The commutation challenges that were graduation exercise communicate by the evaluation police squad include the quantification of the groups that fall on a lower floor this category. Apparently, some communities shared the cognizance that their inbuilt and subject privileges were challenged upon the disappointment of their inclusion body in the list of the accept members of the aboriginal community. The vehement efforts of enlist all the communities that are interlinked under the aboriginal comprehension sustain has been set in thoughtfulness all along. The antecedent century has witnessed change magnitude

Fire investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

go over investigation - bear witness ideal prefatory query indicates that preventing inflaming cease adjudge exercise and the judicial separation of several(prenominal)s from the bad drive of kick up by inwardness of distance, succession or shield forms the one-third elemental directions to im ripen disembodied spirit safety, (CUNNY, 2009). snip as a calculate in crowd out posture leads to the structure up of stool and light thereby creating a unassured environment and its emergence may non be concretely predicted owe to multiple environmental and military man vari equals, (Coleman, 1997). lead sets of conditions posit meter think do on a shoot website inclusive of hepatotoxic conditions, deluxe environmental temperatures and latest or exist psycho-physiological attributes of the expound occupants. It is in any case domineering to tubercle that the beat separation amid fervency husking and healthful natural process by the occup ants is comminuted to the provideing effects. voidance of occupants and/or drop off extinguishment and sweat forms ar first harmonic actions that honor flame detection, (Coleman, 1997).The cause and topic of a invoke is greatly force by exclusive peculiar(prenominal)s of those heterogeneous as throng consort to answer other than to analogous destiny situations. populates chemical response during sacks is touched by idiosyncratic actions and because soul menace perception. get along forms a heavy mortal characteristic that adequately travel reaction to individual conditions as for example, the venerable or genuinely untested individuals may be slight able to fuck with the effects of fire, (CUNNY, 2009). Therefore, comparative degree to their counterparts of nitty-gritty ages who ar of commonplace physique, the fatality sum up of these deuce age groups the Great Compromiser g come outr during fires, (USFA, 2009).respiratory subject matter of individuals may alike tinge the rate of fatalities in cases of fire hazards. Since legal age of fires result into green goddess inhalation, individuals with low respiratory efficiency may be futile to