Explain Why Khrushchev Ordered the Building of the Berlin Wall in 1961

Explain why Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. There were several reasons why Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall in 1961, the first of which was the economic effects of free movement in between West and East Berlin. Since the division of the city, East Germans had been able, with enough money, to leave the GDR through Berlin which was described as a â€Å"gap in the Iron Curtain†. Between 1949 and 1961 in fact, up to 4 million had fled to the Western Germany, around 20,000 per month by 1960.Most of these were skilled workers, educated professionals and scientists attracted to the wealth and prosperity of the west as well as dissatisfied with the political conditions at home. This greatly affected the economic potential of the GDR with a reduction in productivity as well as less people to tax for income. This mass migration not only hurt the USSR economically, but politically as well. The Soviets had always prided itself to the world and used propaganda t o depict the union as a â€Å"worker’s paradise†, superior to the capitalist West in every way.This was helped by the recent advances in technology including the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1959 quickly followed up by the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, in 1960, making Western technology seem left behind and outdated. As a result, the migration seemed to contradict the happy nature which the Soviets claimed existed, undermining the image of a prosperous East in the process. Another reason the wall was built was because of the belief that the West would do nothing to prevent it anyway. This was believed mainly as a result of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.The US had failed to respond to calls of help from the Hungarians when the USSR re-invaded the country mainly for fear of war, only condemning it through the UN. Also, the fact that Allied rights to enter West Berlin hadn’t been encroached due to the wall not going the whole of th e city meant that the West were not in any valid position to argue against its building. Also, diplomats and military personnel could still get through to East Berlin for any needed negotiations. The building of the wall was also a purposeful show of power from the USSR trying to show that they are indeed the stronger of the two nations.This was particularly because of the U-2 incident in May of 1960, when the USSR shot down an American spy plane. Despite demands from the Soviets, President Eisenhower never apologized for the incident. This directly led to Khrushchev walking out of the Paris Summit, straining even relations further. Not only that, Khrushchev was also annoyed by the new President Kennedy’s attitude at the Vienna Summit meeting in June of 1961, with Kennedy not wanting to talk Berlin during entire Summit. Khrushchev also felt he could â€Å"bully† Kennedy due to his inexperience, having been much younger than him.This belief was particularly backed up by the huge failure of the ‘Bay of Pigs’ invasion of Cuba for the US, in which Kennedy had failed to provide adequate air support for the uprising. In summary, Khrushchev’s ambition to rid Berlin of Western Influence was a result of West Berlin’s position as a shining example of the advantages of capitalism deep within Soviet-controlled territory. The wall would solve many of these concerns such as preventing East German citizens from fleeing to the West and was perfect in trying to show that they were more powerful than the West.

Animal Farm Dialectic Journal Essay

Directions:Find the quote in the novel, put it into context, add the page number from your book and then respond insightfully. Chapter 1 â€Å"And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices.† Chapter 2 â€Å"Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. Those two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything they were told, and passed it on to other animals by simple arguments.† Chapter 3 â€Å"Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behavior of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found.† Chapter 4 â€Å"And yet the song was irrepressible. The black birds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing it in a prophecy of their future doom.† Chapter 5 â€Å"At the meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating, ‘Four legs good, two legs bad’ both in and out of seasons, and they often interrupted the meeting with this.† Chapter 6 ‘â€Å"Comrades,’ he said quietly, ‘do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? snowball  !’ he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder.† Chapter 7 â€Å"Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression.† Chapter 8 â€Å"On Sunday morning Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of food stuff had increased by two hundred percent, three hundred percent, or five hundred percent as the case might be. Then the animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion.† Chapter 9 â€Å"Fools! Fools! Shouted Benjamin, prancing around them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. ‘Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of the van?’† Chapter 10 â€Å"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, no, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again, but already it was impossible to say which was which.†

Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners Classrooms Essay - 1

Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners Classrooms - Essay Example Various strategies to include the students' background into instruction and to build the students' vocabulary are also elaborated. Finally, some strategies to ensure that students stay engaged in the instruction are elaborated on. In an era of rapidly changing demographics, teachers have to cope with classrooms which have a diverse spectrum of students. The number of English Language Learners (ELLs) in mainstream schools is ever increasing. In the year 2000-2001, about 4.6 million ELLs attended school in the U.S. from the kindergarten to grade 12. This figure approximates nearly 9.3% of the total student enrollment in public schools. (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2003).Owing to this rising increase in ELL students in classrooms, it is more important than ever for teachers to be equipped to cope with the challenge of instructing a culturally and linguistically diverse group of students. There are certain instructional strategies that teachers have to employ in educating ELL students. Very often, the age and language group of learners play a role in the effective selection of instructional strategies. For example, a native speaker of Japanese may face more difficulties with English than a native speaker of France, because French is more closely related to English as compared to Japanese. The age group that the child belongs to also plays a role in the selection of instructional strategies. ... They are open to exploration and respond well to activities that spark their imagination. On the other hand, adolescents and older ELLs are more willing to engage in abstract thinking. They have certain life experiences which they can draw on and also may have formed or may be in the process of forming certain individual learning patterns. For such learners, instructors can discuss abstract issues, provoke intellectual activity by making them aware of contrasting ideas and concepts which they can reason and resolve on their own. It also helps if language learning is closely related to the students' own everyday interests. The choice of instructional strategies for ELLs also depends upon the specific stage of second language acquisition the learner is in. The four stages of language acquisition are "preproduction, early production, speech emergence, and intermediate fluency" (Facella, Rampino, & Shea, 2005, 212). Learners in the preproduction stage of language acquisition spend a large part of their time listening to their teachers and may respond non-verbally to the teachers' queries. Instructional strategies that teachers can incorporate for learners in this stage are using yes/no questions, pictures, props and hands-on activities focusing on active student involvement. Learners in the early production stage of language acquisition also spend a large part of their time listening to their teachers. They may also work out one or two-word responses. Instructional strategies that teachers can adapt for learners in this stage of language acquisition include role plays, completing sentences, answering who, what or where questions with one-word responses. Older ELL learners may also be asked to label objects.  

Database Manager for the Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Database Manager for the Company - Assignment Example If you have experience with databases and managing and creating them, this is a plus. If you know about MS Access, this is also a plus. If you are interested in this position, please send your resume and a cover letter to Sean Smith at hrcontact@daytranslations.com   I have been browsing for jobs online and I came across your advertisement for a Human Resources and Database Manager post. I am forwarding this letter to express my keen interest to be part of your company. Allow me to give you brief details as to how my experiences can contribute to Day Translations.   I am a freelance headhunter with a track record of almost a decade of dealing with a diverse clientele. My previous work experiences all allowed me to sharpen my skills in dealing with people from different backgrounds. My extensive work experience makes me well-versed with formal and idiomatic usage, and highly proficient in technical terminologies, of the English and French languages. My educational background also serves as a key foundation of my competencies. I have worked with computers for the past 5 years and am proficient in various software applications and computer operations.   I have also had the opportunity to function in both managerial and supervisory positions that involved the hiring of staff, interpersonal interviews, workflow and workforce management and supervision, as well as dealing and brainstorming with top management. My work as a freelance headhunter was mainly focused on recruitment of skilled individuals to fill in different positions in both small and large industries. This calls for resourcefulness, keen attention to detail and quality-output, ability to work under minimum supervision and provide timely resolution to clients concerns.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art history - Essay Example The angel Gabriel's declaration to Mary that she was to become the mother of Jesus is called the Annunciation. The story is found I what is known as the Infancy Narrative of St. Luke's Gospel - Luke 1:5-2:52 (The Catholic Encyclopedia).Rogier van der Weyden's painting, The Annunciation, was completed around 1435, is a 33 7/8" x 36 1/4" panel, which once was part of a triptych. The depiction is of Mary in a bedchamber, seated by the light of a window at the right, positioned on the floor in a stance that implies that she had been busy reading while angel Gabriel comes to pronounce that she was blessed among women to bear the child Jesus. Gabriel appears to Mary's back with a somewhat solemn face as Mary turns her head towards him.Weyden portrays a somewhat intimate detailed image; he tries to show that Mary was reading a book while angel Gabriel declared that she would be the chosen woman to bear Jesus. The original purpose of including a book in his painting was to evoke the prophecy of Isaiah, "Behold, a virgin shall conceive".In the deep space that characterizes Van der Weyden's work, Mary acknowledges the presence of Gabriel with a head inclined away from the book and a gesture of the raised right hand...Van der Weyden introduces some significant elements into the Annunciation iconography. To denote purity, the vase of lilies is present but so too is a carafe of clear liquid, which may also represent an alchemical union of the sexes (Losh, 2001). According to The Catholic Encyclopedia, "The column which separates the angel Gabriel from Mary symbolizes the division of the Old and the New Law that was bridged by the Incarnation." [National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Mellon Collection, 1937] The artist represents a shallow space, and he uses logical measurement, since the bodies of angel Gabriel and Mary where inclined at the same direction and the bench was paralleled to the bed. We can clearly see that the picture is dynamic, full of movement, we can easily know that Gabriel is stating a message to Mary while Mary on the other hand reacts to what the angel have declared. The composition was fairly organized, the artist uses harmonious perspective in detailing every object in the painting, but the objects seem to be shorter than they really are, the bench was not comfortable to sit in, the bed looks shorter for the size of Mary, and the chandelier seems to hit the heads of Mary if she will stand. I consider Mary as the focal point of the painting. Her black gown catches first my attention; its solid, vivid color amazed me. The intended point-of-view of the scene is oblique, as intended by the artist, place yourself in the right side of the painting, and look at it with an angle of 45 degrees then you will see the image more precisely and the message it wants to impart. As one of Rogier's successful works, the Annunciation was characterized by cold and bold colors; they were as strong as the message was so strong - that it is possible for a virgin to conceive a child even without the intervention of the flesh or sexual intercourse - also it is characterized by rhythmic elongated lines, particularly evident in fluttering robes and draperies, by the elegant mannered poses of the figures, and especially by a tragic religious intensity that reached a peak in three versions of the crucifixion. The scene is sharply lit, there are no unnecessary lines in the painting, and every detail can be seen, even the thread that holds the curtain of the bed. The light is obviously coming from the right side window if you are facing towards the painting and at the left side of Mary. The artist uses different textures, from the chandelier, in designing the window, to the plain style of the bed and beddings, to the chairs and its pillows, to Mary's clothing, and specially so, to what Gabriel was wearing, its designs and details depicts the magnificence of the creature. Most of the paintings of Rogier van der Weyden were serene,

Communication conflict between culture Research Paper

Communication conflict between culture - Research Paper Example on factors however, every society has its own cultural traits that have been developed due to centuries of historical, religious and behaviorist approaches. Thus, when it comes to performing communication between two separate cultures, there is a high possibility that due to differences in cultural influences such process of communication and the elements of conflict that obviously remain integrally related with methods of communication among people belonging to separate socio-cultural disciplines, would contradict against one another and such problem of contradiction between cultures, in the context of communication, is surely a matter of great concern. According to scholarly interpretations, the process of communication can be defined â€Å"[as] a system of behavior† (Novinger 4). Consequently, it has also been identified that â€Å"[because] different cultures often demand very different behaviors, intercultural communication is more complex than communication between persons of same culture† (Novinger 4). However, in order to over the obstacles of intercultural communication, several attempts have been made by sociological and linguistic scholars and those attempts have resulted in considerable progress since last 20 years within the same domain. According to the theorists, the entire process of communication can be divided into two categories, namely, subjective and objective. The objectivists of intercultural communication are of opinion that another world, which is separate from general individual existence, exists and people in search of harmony among behavior of other people orient their methods of communicati on by depending on situations or environment. Thus, according to objectivists, communication is not self-determined; rather it is dependent on external factors like situation or environment. The subjectivists, however, have adopted quite a contrasting position than that of the objectivists as they opine that communication generates from free human

How Management Teams can have a good fight Essay

How Management Teams can have a good fight - Essay Example The authors clearly explain their view on the impact of conflicts in the organization. This paper criticizes the authors’ idea on the conflict resolution among the management and the eventual impact on the firm. According to the authors, conflicts may have both negative and positive ending. Considering that most managers regard themselves as rational decision makers, they may not effortlessly accept an opinion from any other person and they may, perhaps, deem as a personal attack from their fellows when the colleagues make some remarks. It is difficult for most managers to make a distinction between personal differences and opinion peculiarity and maintaining the spirit of working as a team. The need to work as a team is sometimes assumed by managers as personal hostility and discord takes over the teamwork spirit. Fun, openness and productivity with no or less politicking and posturing represent the only way managers can come up with a healthy decision (Eisenhardt, Kahwajy & Bourgeois 78). Managers are required to manage their conflicts democratically with a clear distinction between substantive and personal issues. In managing interpersonal conflicts, executive were prepared with information that is more detailed and multiple alternatives to enhance the quality of their debate. Availability of more data, which are objective-based, compels managers to focus on issues rather than personal matters or useless arguments rooted in ignorance. Inadequate information makes management rely mostly in guesses and baseless assumptions, which does not help the firm. Reliance on facts reduces involvement on personal issues, thus, reducing interpersonal conflicts. In addition, administrators used humor and shared a common goal in debates while maintaining a balanced power structure. Furthermore, managers should be deeply involved in creating different options thus plummeting disagreement amongst decision-making participants which, in turn, promotes teamwork. Individua l commitment in decision-making is achieved when joint effort is put in creating a number of alternatives. The authors further assert that the more the number of choices made by management, the greater the chances of coming up with more appropriate options. By creating common goals in the teamwork, managers should outline their strategic options as collaborative rather than competitive while every individual must endeavor to achieve best possible solution for the group. Common goal does not imply uniform thinking but, rather, require everyone to have a clear vision towards a particular goal. Lack of common goal makes some members of the team think that they are in competition, thus, framing decisions as reactions to threat (Eisenhardt, Kahwajy & Bourgeois 80). Using humor in decision making by the team releases tension among the management team and upholds collaborative spirit by making the business fun. The excitement while in decision making process reduces stress and brutal compe tition. Interpersonal conflicts are greatly reduced by using humor as a tool to avoid hostile and stressful environment. Humor acts as a defensive mechanism by decreasing the team temperatures and blunting the threatening edge of negative information. Humor that has very positive effect on mood may allow communication of difficult information in a more tactful manner and less threatening way. Furthermore, humor may make people more

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy Management Essay

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy Management Techniques - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the ever-increasing competition especially in the global markets, that are characterized by the short life cycles of products, high quality of a product, cheap prices and short delivery times in order to satisfy consumers who are demanding, are most likely to strictly prevail. Firms should be always continuous in supplier development in order to ensure that the suppliers have similar capabilities and as well as same time, share same objectives and policies as theirs so as to compete in a competitive environment. The study was conducted by reviewing of various secondary sources. In today’s business climate that is competitive, firms are increasingly relying on their suppliers in delivering defect-free products, technologically advanced goods, in a cost-effective state and timely. However, often the suppliers may be devoid of the capability to perform sufficiently in these areas. If the goods or services that are offered by a supp lier is somehow deficient in some respect, the purchasing firm might face the decision of either to look for another source of supply or working with the suppliers that exist to remedy shortcomings. However, due to the uncertainty that concerns the locating of a better source, and the higher cost of looking for and evaluating of new suppliers, the buying firms might choose to continue to work with the present suppliers in order to improve the performances. In addition, in order to facilitate the innovation process and achieving the objectives of reducing cost and as well providing quality, companies focus on strengthening and differentiating their capabilities and brands. Therefore, branding management has increasingly become significant while a large section of the development processes and production are handed to the suppliers. For example, the Japanese manufacturers that are led by Toyota company, have displayed very close relationships with their suppliers, in a way that includ es exchanging information extensive and directing assistance to the suppliers.

The Key Roles of the Central Bank in an Economy Assignment

The Key Roles of the Central Bank in an Economy - Assignment Example The supervision factor impelled the expansion of the official control and assessment of banks (Masciandaro, 2005). Recently, the oversight function has been changed to other agencies from the central bank. The following explains the roles of Central Bank of different countries. It is the defining characteristics of the central bank. The central banks undertake decision –making and implementation of monetary policies. However, different nations have different extensive and the responsibility assigned to the independent central bank (Schinasi, 2003). The central bank role of setting monetary policies is critically autonomous though not completely autonomous as it undertakes the implementation and decision-making stages of the monetary policy function (Al-Sabah, 1997). Therefore, the national government contributes in a certain process of monetary policy. In respect to monetary policy, the central bank is the only body that has the instrument autonomy. The Eurosystem, central ban ks governors from different nations participate in an ex officio ability in the monetary policy process. The countries central banks jointly make a decision regarding monetary policy, therefore, national central banks do not make independent decisions (Al-Sabah, 1997). As compared to the monetary policy the central bank has complete autonomy concerning the implementation of exchange rate policy (Al-Sabah, 1997). Criteria used in decision-making sometimes political direction. Since exchange controls were built principally as exchange rate devices, these instruments have been allocated to the central bank although it could be done by tax authorities. Responsibilities regarding financial stability are considered an essential role of the central bank. The central bank is considered to have a full responsibility for ensuring financial stability and acts as financial system oversight body (Johnson, 1997).

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay All managers and great leaders should want to motivate and reward their employees. A good and effective manager would motivate and encourage their employees. If you were a manager, how would you motivate and reward your employees effectively? Money seems to motivate a majority of employees, but there are other ways employees find satisfaction in their jobs, such as a work-life balance, telecommute, challenging work, and academic reimbursement, to name a few. If we take care of our employees, they will take care of our customers† (Noe, p. 319) I truly believe this statement. If I was a manager, ensuring that my employees are taken care of would definitely be a top priority. The employees are also stakeholders. Every day they work which is an investment in the company. When the employees are treated right, involved, and able to voice their opinions, they are more willing to stay at the organization longer. Of course, the longer they stay the lower a company’s turnover rate is. The employees are the company, and they represent the company. In my past experiences and positions in the life, taking care of the employees was not a priority for my previous employers. For the most part my previous employers were about numbers, quotas, sales, money and customer satisfaction. Employees always seemed to come last, and I can say this reason was partly why I did leave. As an employee, I like the open door policy with managers. I like feeling like I’m a part of a great organization like it’s my second home. I enjoy being recognized for a job well done, and I do feel that if employees feel as if they are an important part of an organization then they will always give 100% into their work. Money is a major motivator for employees, but it’s not the only motivator. Employee motivation can be as individual as the people who work for you. â€Å"But you can boil down employee motivation to one basic ideal: finding out what your employees want and finding a way to give it to them or to enable them to earn it†(Inc. , Nov. 30, 1999). Examples of employee motivators are performance-based cash bonus, praise and commendation from manager, increase in base pay, teambuilding, incentives, career discussions, attention from company leadership, stock or stock options, opportunity to lead projects and advancement or growth within the organization. Gaining a better understanding of what motivates employees will make you a better manager. It will help you get the most out of your employees. Great leaders and managers make all the difference when it comes to managing and motivating employees. These alternative methods of motivating will be effective differently for each employee. Making employees feel they are doing something meaningful is an alternative methods. When employees are involved and feel that they are helping to create and achieve goals, they feel important. â€Å"Research on job satisfaction reveals employees are most satisfied when they are working on a challenging task uninterrupted† (ASTD, Patterson). Also effectively communicating help motivates employees. Employees like to know how the organization is progressing toward a goal. Giving ongoing communication about employee’s performances is important for employee development. Listening, respecting, and providing recognition makes employees feel worthy. Managers should manage but not micromanage. Managers should empower their employees by allowing them choices and ensuring they are accountable for their choices. There are many alternative methods that motivate employees, and this will be determined individually. Texas Roadhouse looks for ways to recognize employees and bring them together to have fun. They provide competitions, events, outings and conferences to employees. I do think these motivating ways can be transferable to other organizations. Some bigger organizations can probably provide the same employee recognitions, but smaller organizations may not be able to. Although the smaller organizations can find other ways to recognize their employees and to bring them together, such as offering competitions, and winning gift cards, for example. Each individual organization, no matter what size can still find ways to motivate, recognize, and bring their employees together. In conclusion, motivating and rewarding your employees is how you will keep them. Making sure your employees are engaged is very important in helping to keep them motivated. Organizations should focus on their mission, vision and higher purpose and ensure that all employees understand their daily efforts and how it drives progress towards the mission, vision and purpose. Human resources professionals must manage their organizations with finesse, constantly looking for that optimal level workplace satisfaction, which helps employees motivated and engaged.

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications I. Introduction Artificial intelligence  (AI) is the  intelligence  of machines and the branch of  computer science  that aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as the study and design of  intelligent agents,[1]  where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2]  John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3]  defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence-the  sapience  of  Homo sapiens-can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.  This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the  mind  and limits of scientific  hubris, issues which have been addressed by  myth,  fiction  and  philosophy  since antiquity.[6]  Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,[7]but has also suffered setbacks[8]  and, today, has become an e ssential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science. AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10]  Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11]  General intelligence (or strong AI) is still a long-term goal of (some) research. AI plays a major role in the field of robotics. The word  robot  can refer to both physical robots and  virtual  software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as  bots.[3]  There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move around, operate a mechanical limb, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behaviour, especially behaviour which mimics humans or other animals. There is conflict about whether the term can be applied to remotely operated devices, as the most common usage implies, or solely to devices which are controlled by their software without human intervention. In  South Africa,  robot  is an informal and commonly used term for a set of traffic lights. It is difficult to compare numbers of robots in different countries, since there are different definitions of what a robot is. The  International Organization for Standardization  gives a definition of robot in  ISO 8373: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.[5]  This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the  European Robotics Research Network  (EURON), and many national standards committees. The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.[7]  The RIA subdivides robots into four classes: devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, a nd robots of this last type which also acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response. There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have their own.[8]  For example,  Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: I cant define a robot, but I know one when I see one.[9]  According to  Encyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner.[10]  Merriam-Webster  describes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being, or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks, or a mechanism guided by automatic controls. Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on  assembly lines  because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this, most humans rarely encounter robots. However,  domestic robots  for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries, particularly in  Japan. Robots can also be found in the  military. II. HISTORY Mechanical or  formal reasoning  has been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity. The study of logic led directly to the invention of the  programmable digital electronic computer, based on the work of  mathematician  Alan Turing  and others. Turings  theory of computation  suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1, could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.[23]  This, along with recent discoveries in  neurology,  information theory  and  cybernetics, inspired a small group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.[24] The field of AI research was founded at  a conference  on the campus of  Dartmouth College  in the summer of 1956.[25]  The attendees, including John McCarthy,  Marvin Minsky,  Allen Newell  and  Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.[26]  They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing:[27]  computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.[28]  By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the  Department of Defense[29]  and laboratories had been established around the world.[30]  AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field:  Herbert Simon predicted that machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do[31]  and  Marvin Minsky   agreed, writing that within a generation the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved.[32] In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of  expert systems,[35]  a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japans  fifth generation computer  project inspired the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field.[36] Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long history but fully autonomous  machines only appeared in the 20th century. The first  digitally  operated and programmable robot, the  Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial and  industrial robots  are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.[4] The word  robot  was introduced to the public by Czech  writer  Karel ÄÅ'apek in his play  R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots), published in  1920.[16]  The play begins in a  factory  that makes artifici al people called  robots, but they are closer to the modern ideas of  androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether the  robots  are being  exploited  and the consequences of their treatment. However, Karel ÄÅ'apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to anetymology  in the  Oxford English Dictionary  in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef ÄÅ'apek, as its actual originator.[16]  In an article in the Czech journal  Lidovà © noviny  in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures  laboÃ…â„ ¢i  (from  Latin  labor, work). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti. III. FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A. Combinatorial Search Many problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions:[96]  Reasoning  can be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads from  premises to   conclusions, where each step is the application of an  inference rule.[97]  Planning  algorithms search through trees of goals and sub goals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called  means-ends analysis.[98]  Robotics  algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use  local searches  in configuration space.[67]  Many  learning  algorithms use search algorithms based on  optimization. Simple exhaustive searches[99]  are rarely sufficient for most real world problems: the  search space  (the number of places to search) quickly grows to  astronomical  numbers. The result is a search that is  too slow  or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use heu ristics or rules of thumb that eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (called pruning  the  search tree).  Heuristics  supply the program with a best guess for what path the solution lies on.[100]A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory of  optimization. For many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and then refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be visualized as blind  hill climbing: we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top. Other optimization algorithms are  simulated annealing,  beam search  and  random optimization.[101] Evolutionary computation  uses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine,  selecting  only the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Forms of  evolutionary computation  include  swarm intelligence  algorithms (such as  ant colony  or  particle swarm optimization) and  evolutionary algorithms B. Neural Network A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of  neurons  in the  human brain. The study of  artificial neural networks[127]  began in the decade before the field AI research was founded, in the work of  Walter Pitts  and  Warren McCullough. Other important early researchers were  Frank Rosenblatt, who invented the  perception  and  Paulwerbos who developed the  back propagation  algorithm.[134]The main categories of networks are acyclic or  feed forward neural networks  (where the signal passes in only one direction) and  recurrent neural networks  (which allow feedback). Among the most popular feed forward networks are  perceptions,  multi-layer perceptions  and  radial basis networks.[135]  Among recurrent networks, the most famous is the  Hopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described by  John Hopfield  in 1982.  Neural networks can be applied to the problem of  intelli gent control(for robotics) or  learning, using such techniques as  Hebbian learning  and  competitive learning.[137]Jeff Hawkins  argues that research in neural networks has stalled because it has failed to model the essential properties of the  neocortex, and has suggested a model (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) that is based on neurological research. C. Approaches There is no established unifying theory or  paradigm  that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[76]  A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology  or  neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to  aeronautical engineering?  Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as  logic  or  optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[78]  Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require sub-symbolic processing?[79] D. General Intelligence Main articles:  Strong AI  and  AI-complete Most researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with  general Intelligence (known as  strong AI),combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[12]  A few believe that  anthropomorphic  features like  artificial consciousness  or an artificial brain  may be required for such a project.[74]  Eliezer Yudkowsky  has argued for the importance of  friendly artificial intelligence, to mitigate the risks of an uncontrolled intelligence explosion. The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence  is dedicated to creating such an AI. Many of the problems above are considered  AI-complete: to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like  machine translation  requires that the machine follow the authors argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully re produce the authors intention (social intelligence).  Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require  strong AI  to be done as well as humans can do it.[75] E. Planning Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.[56]  They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility  (or value) of the available choices.[57]In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of its actions may be.[58]  However, if this is not true, it must periodically check if the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.[59]Multi-agent planning  uses the  cooperation  and  competition  of many agents to achieve a given goal.  Emergent behavior  such as this is used bye volutionary algorithms  and  swarm intelligence. F. Learning Machine learning  has been central to AI research from the beginning.[62]  Unsupervised learning  is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.  Supervised learning  includes both  classification  and numerical   regression. Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories. Regression takes a set of numerical input/output examples and attempts to discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs. In  reinforcement learning[63]  the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. These can be analyzed in terms of  decision theory, using concepts like  utility. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of  theoretical computer science  known as computational learning theory G. Motion And Manipulation The field of  robotics[66]  is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation[67]  and  navigation, with sub-problems of  localization  (knowing where you are),  mapping  (learning what is around you) and  motion planning  (figuring out how to get there). H. Knowledge Representation Knowledge representation  and  knowledge engineering  are central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties, categories and relations between objects;[45]  situations, events, states and time;[46]  causes and effects;[47]  knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know);  and many other, less well researched domains. A complete representation of what exists is an  ontology  (borrowing a word from traditional  philosophy), of which the most general are called  upper ontologies. I. Natural Language Processing Natural language processing[64]  gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages that humans speak. Many researchers hope that a sufficiently powerful natural language processing system would be able to acquire knowledge on its own, by reading the existing text available over the internet. Some straightforward applications of natural language processing include  information retrieval  (or  text mining) and  machine translation. IV. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS Robotics has been of interest to mankind for over one hundred years. However our perception of robots has been influenced by the media and Hollywood. One may ask what robotics is about? In my eyes, a robots characteristics change depending on the environment it operates in. Some of these are: A. Outer Space   Manipulative arms that are controlled by a human are used to unload the docking bay of space shuttles to launch satellites or to construct a space station B. The Intelligent Home   Automated systems can now monitor home security, environmental conditions and energy usage. Door and windows can be opened automatically and appliances such as lighting and air conditioning can be pre programmed to activate. This assists occupants irrespective of their state of mobility. C. Exploration   Robots can visit environments that are harmful to humans. An example is monitoring the environment inside a volcano or exploring our deepest oceans. NASA has used robotic probes for planetary exploration since the early sixties. D. Military Robots   Airborne robot drones are used for surveillance in todays modern army. In the future automated aircraft and vehicles could be used to carry fuel and ammunition or clear minefields E. Farms   Automated harvesters can cut and gather crops. Robotic dairies are available allowing operators to feed and milk their cows remotely. F. The Car Industry Robotic arms that are able to perform multiple tasks are used in the car manufacturing process. They perform tasks such as welding, cutting, lifting, sorting and bending. Similar applications but on a smaller scale are now being planned for the food processing industry in particular the trimming, cutting and processing of various meats such as fish, lamb, beef. G. Hospitals   Under development is a robotic suit that will enable nurses to lift patients without damaging their backs. Scientists in Japan have developed a power-assisted suit which will give nurses the extra muscle they need to lift their patients- and avoid back injuries. The suit was designed by Keijiro Yamamoto, a professor in the welfare-systems engineering department at Kanagawa Institute of Technology outside Tokyo. It will allow caregivers to easily lift bed-ridden patients on and off beds. In its current state the suit has an aluminium exoskeleton and a tangle of wires and compressed-air lines trailing from it. Its advantage lies in the huge impact it could have for nurses. In Japan, the population aged 14 and under has declined 7% over the past five years to 18.3 million this year. Providing care for a growing elderly generation poses a major challenge to the government. Robotics may be the solution. Research institutions and companies in Japan have been trying to create robotic nurses to substitute for humans. Yamamoto has taken another approach and has decided to create a device designed to help human nurses. In tests, a nurse weighing 64 kilograms was able to lift and carry a patient weighing 70 kilograms. The suit is attached to the wearers back with straps and belts. Sensors are placed on the wearers muscles to measure strength. These send the data back to a microcomputer, which calculates how much more power is needed to complete the lift effortlessly. The computer, in turn, powers a chain of actuators or inflatable cuffs that are attached to the suit and worn under the elbows, lower back and knees. As the wearer lifts a patient, compressed air is pushed into the cuffs, applying extra force to the arms, back and legs. The degree of air pressure is automatically adjusted according to how much the muscles are flexed. A distinct advantage of this system is that it assists the wearers knees, being only one of its kind to do so. A number of hurdles are still faced by Yamamoto. The suit is unwieldy, the wearer cant climb stairs and turning is awkward. The design weight of the suit should be less than 10 kilograms for comfortable use. The latest prototype weighs 15 kilograms. Making it lighter is technically possible by using smaller and lighter actuators. The prototype has cost less than  ¥1 million ($8,400) to develop. But earlier versions developed by Yamamoto over the past 10 years cost upwards of  ¥20 million in government development grants. H. Disaster Areas   Surveillance robots fitted with advanced sensing and imaging equipment can operate in hazardous environments such as urban setting damaged by earthquakes by scanning walls, floors and ceilings for structural integrity. I. Entertainment   Interactive robots that exhibit behaviours and learning ability. SONY has one such robot which moves freely, plays with a ball and can respond to verbal instructions. V. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS A. Business Benefits Robots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks. Since they never tire and can work nonstop without breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterparts B. Management Benefits Robot employees never call in sick, never waste time and rarely require preparation time before working. With robots, a manager never has to worry about high employee turnover or unfilled positions C. Employee Benefits Robots can do the work that no one else wants to do-the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs. Common Misconception about Robots : Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the elimination of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers. D. Consumer Benefits Robots produce high quality goods Since robots produce so many quality goods in a shorter amount of time than humans, we reap the benefits of cheaper goods. Since the products are produced more quickly, this significantly reduces the amount of time that we are forced to wait for products to come to the marketplace VI. SHORTCOMINGS Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. (See  The Terminator,  Runaway,  Blade Runner,  Robocop,  the Replicators in  Stargate,  the Cylons in  Battlestar Galactica,  The Matrix,  THX-1138, and  I, Robot.) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are  2001: A Space Odyssey,  Red Planet, Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the uncanny valley, of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely.[99]  Frankenstein  (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator. In the TV show, Futurama, the robots are portrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans, not as robotic butlers. They still work in industry, but these robots carry out daily lives. Manuel De Landa  has noted that smart missiles and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.[100] Marauding robots may have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes an actual danger. A heavy industrial robot with powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a humans foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them from human workers, but not all. Two robot-caused deaths are those of Robert Williams and  Kenji Urada. Robert Williams was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant in  Flat Rock, Michigan  on January 25, 1979.[101]  37-year-old  Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, was killed in 1981; Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into a  grinding machine. VII. CONCLUSIONS If the current developments are to be believed then the next wave of robots will have a supernatural resemblance with humans with the help of AI. The Indian automotive industry has finally awaken to the fact that robotics is not just about saving labour, but it also helps companies significantly to step up productivity and quality to meet the demands of international competition. Industrial robots can be involved in production industry because of its less time consumption, accuracy of work, and less labour. As globalization accelerates, robotics is increasingly vital to maintain the health of the industrial sector and keep manufacturing jobs at home. Now more than ever, the need to stay competitive is a driver for investing in robotics. Companies in all over the world are often faced with difficult choices: Do they send their manufacturing to low-cost producers overseas? Or, do they invest in robotics to continue making products here? We conclude that more companies are realizing tha t robotics is the better option.

Racism in Amistad, To Kill a Mocking Bird, and Telephone Conversation E

The texts To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, Amistad directed by Steven Spielberg and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka explore the issue of racism. These three texts focus on prejudice, discrimination, bias, behaviour and attitude revolving around the issue of discrimination because of the coulour of ones skin and the cultural and social attitudes past on from one generation to another. Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel set in the southern states of the USA in the 1930’s, a time that is â€Å"Post Abolitionist†, however a time where the culture and social structure is still entrenched with racist attitudes and laws. Lee explores these issues in this setting when Ton Robinson, an African American is accused of raping a young white girl in a small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Racial attitudes are exposed when a lawyer by the name of Atticus Finch is asked to defend to the alleged rapist. Telephone conversation by Wole Soyinka is a poem which uses dialogu e between two people, one in a public telephone box and the other in a public telephone box and the other in a home in London, England to reinforce racial tensions, attitudes and class values. An intelligent, articulate and well educated black man seeking rental accommodation responds to a woman’s advertisement and is challenged by her about the colour of his skin. The poet explores this racial tension with the use of satire and perceptive dialogue. Steven Spielberg directs the film Amistad, and chronicles an incredible journey of a group of enslaved Africans who mutiny an attempt of their capture in order to return to their homeland. Their ship is seized and the slaves are brought to the United States to be charged with murder. Spielberg ensures that the responder is confronte... ...rom the love of his life. This is captured through the music by changing the music from a sorrowful sound to loud powerful music. These techniques used by Spielberg represent how the Negroes are just as human as any other person even though they are black in skin colour. Racism can simply be a mans fear of anything different, a fear of something he doesn’t understand. This fear is embedded or can be embedded in the attitudes reaching from one generation to another. It can be reinforced by ones culture, community and personal experience. These texts have explored all of the above areas and the responder can also appreciate that behaviour is a response to attitudes and the suffering, humiliation and destructive treatment of other human beings can at times be lessened or illuminated by the courage of one man and his or her determination to do what they think is right.

The Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay -- Pro Con Essays

Globalization, a great number of people regard it as a chiefly economic phenomenon, necessitating the additional integration, or interaction, of nationally based economic entities through the development of international trade, investment and monetary flows. Also included in this view is the rapid advances in sharing social and cultural values as well as new technologies as the world grows together. Globalization can be defined as a procedure in which geographic distance is a diminishing factor in the formation and sustentation of international economic, political and cultural relations. Proponents of this process believe that free trade and integration of world markets will facilitate growth in economies both old and new. Proponents also believe that globalization will stimulate the spread of democracy and in turn improve the condition of human rights so intrinsic to the values of democracy. Critics of globalization see globalization quite differently, portraying it as worldwide push toward a globalized economic system under the control of global corporate trade and banking institutions that are not responsible to the democratic system or governments. Many questions surround globalization. What are the costs and benefits of free trade? Does globalization exacerbate global inequality? What impact does globalization have on the environment? Are industries in developed nations being weakened by industries in developing or third world countries that have a lower standard and therefore cost of labor? What are the costs and benefits of free trade? Proponents of globalization put forward that the benefits of free trade out weigh the costs. International investment and trade have been the machines that drive growth and development... ...developing nations it is the nation's lower standards of labor that make globalization possible and indeed profitable. Allowing a company to pay a laborer a fraction of what his counterpart would be paid in a developed nation. Globalization has a tremendous amount of support as well as a tremendous amount of opposition. While multinational companies tend to push for globalization and therefore higher profit margins, opponents work hard to make sure that developing nations are not taken advantage of in the process. Globalization cannot continue without supporters and it should not continue with out detractors. As always a balance must be found to protect not only the nations that are developing but those that are already developed as well. Proponents and opponents must work together to ensure the well being of generations to come that will surely inherit the earth.

Essay on The Supernatural in Toni Morrisons Beloved :: Toni Morrison Beloved Essays

Supernatural in Beloved Elements of the supernatural pervade Toni Morrison's novel, Beloved. These elements include evidence of African-American folklore and tradition in the everyday lives of the inhabitants of 124 Bluestone Road. Beloved's character is another obvious use of the supernatural: she's a ghost for part of the novel and a "ghost-in-the-flesh" for the major part of the book. In Beloved, Morrison extracts African folklore from history in order to enrich the authenticity of an account of the lives of ex-slaves during the late 19th century. Her extractions include medicinal, religious, and superstitious components from African life. As doctors were not available to most blacks during this time -- slave or free -- they were forced to depend upon their intuitive nature and upbringing. For instance, spiderweb is used as first aid for cuts, while grease is spread liberally over these same cuts as a long-term ointment of sorts. For slaves, church was simply another segregated part of life which forced them to develop their own way of practicing their faith. African roots are very visible in Baby Sugg's "sermons" in the Clearing. White men go to church, sit down in wooden pews, and settle in for a lengthy dissertation on their sins. On the other hand, Baby Suggs calls her people into Nature to dance, cry, and finally, to laugh. Her version of a sermon is actually an outpouring of the vast contents of her heart. Superstitions are a natural part of any culture's make-up. However, some superstitions are firmly rooted in one specific culture. This is evident in Baby Sugg's statement to Sethe where she says, "Not a house in the country ain't packed to its rafters with some dead negro's grief" (Morrison 5). Similarly, Ella comments to Stamp Paid, "You know as well as I do that people who die bad don't stay in the ground" (188). Morrison's style embodies an additional aspect of African philosophy. According to John S. Mbiti, "[it] emphasizes that the spiritual universe is a unit with the physical, and that these two intermingle and dovetail into each other so much that it is not easy, or even necessary, at times to draw distinctions or separate them" (Samuels 138). One can see how Morrison fits this definition with her constant interweaving of the spiritual world along with the physical world. Stereotypical thinking says that a fine line exists between the spiritual world and the natural world.

Research Essay on Being Pro Abortion

Research Essay on Pro-Abortion Every woman should have the opportunity to determine if they would want to keep their child or abort it. Growing up in today’s society, I find myself in an environment where kids are having kids, parents who aren’t capable to raise a child are having kids, and victims of sexual assault are having kids. And in most cases, the child ends up living a life that isn’t too well. This leads to children being neglected, abused, homeless, hungry and more importantly unloved. Imagine a woman not being allowed to have an abortion.Abortions eliminate the risks of all of those tragedies happening. The problem shouldn’t be killing an egg that isn’t fully yet involved into a baby. The problem should be having children but later neglecting or mistreating them to the point where they can’t be a happy child. Sometimes you hear parents saying, â€Å"I wish I would have waited. † or even worse â€Å"I don’t think I c an do this. † For a lot of pregnancies, they aren’t planned. If we don’t allow for abortions to continue to be legal that simply means we are allowing for unfit parents to have kids and by doing this we are failing our children.I was taught to eliminate a problem before it escalates or before it becomes too late. We often hear stories about parents harming their children because the child might have cried too much or whined too much. Why should the child have to suffer? Why should a child be harmed in the first place? We can’t justify abortions not being legal. I feel that a human is born. Until then, you should be allowed to make the decision on whether or not you want to abort your child until it is too late. It’s a women’s right. A father can run away from his child but the mother will be there forever.The grandma might not care or the uncle might not be there but the mother will always be around. When we actually think about it, abortion isn’t as bad as we make it seem. It’s simply an alternative for a lifestyle that a person is trying to avoid. A person can’t raise a child to their best abilities if they never wanted the child to begin with. There will never be true happiness or true love for that child. This is why I take the stand for pro-abortion. Every woman should have the right to decide what they want to do with their body.With shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† or â€Å"Teen Mom†, we’re showed the struggles of being a teen mother but, we also notice that most of the mothers on Teen Mom are well off. Not only are they getting paid for being on the show but they have the assistance of others- most of them. But that’s not the case for many teens in the real world. USA Today reported that, â€Å"About 7% of teen girls got pregnant in 2006, a rate of 71. 5 pregnancies per 1,000 teens. That's up slightly from 69. 5 in 2005, Guttmacher says. In 1990, when rates peak ed, about 12% got pregnant. USATODAY)† Teen pregnancies are on the rise whether we can accept the fact or not. We shouldn’t be allowed to push a child into becoming a mother by eliminating abortions. Not only are we risking an unfit life for the child, we are also telling our teens that once you get pregnant having the bay is the only option when that is certainly not true. Amongst the group of teen pregnancies, we can’t forget about the minority group that isn’t lucky enough to get help from their parent. Prochoice states, â€Å"Low-income women and women in diverse communities are more adversely affected by limited access.For example, low-income women often lack the funds necessary for an abortion, which can delay their care(prochoice). † These teens have to rely on government assistance and fast money(stripping, drug dealing, prostituting, stealing, etc). The odds are already against them for the simple fact that they are minorities, they donâ₠¬â„¢t have it all and they have to work harder than the next person. Having a child that they wouldn’t want makes the situation worse for both the child and the mother. Struggling to pay for an abortion beats struggling to raise a child for eighteen years.USA Today also states that, â€Å"The issue here is clearly that we have a lot of teenagers who are having sex, but they aren't careful enough at contraception to avoid pregnancy,† says Sarah Brown, executive director of the nonprofit National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, who has seen Guttmacher's numbers. (USATODAY)† If teens aren’t wise enough to practice safe sex, how can we assume that that they will be wise enough to make the right decisions when raising their child. If we become anti-abortion, we’re sealing the deal for teens to have kids whether they want too or not.With the issue of abortion, one’s attitude toward it is going to be based on many things such as re ligious background and personal morals. There is no black and white answer to the abortion issue. Luckily we live in a country where we are able to decide for ourselves whether something is morally right or wrong. Thus, ultimately, the choice is ours. As with the many other ethical issues which we are faced with in our society, it is hard to come to a concrete answer until we are personally faced with that issue.All we can do is make an effort to know all of the aspects which are involved so that we may be able to make a sound decision if we were faced with this problem in our own lives. In conclusion, it is clear that although some things are important in order to save a life, I truly believe a woman should have the right to end the life of her unborn child if it's any inconvenience at all. Even though it is stopping a beating heart, and the baby can feel pain at 20 weeks, I feel the convenience of the irresponsible mother is WAY more important.

Book Report-Confessions of an Economic Hitman Essay

An enthusiastic young man on the threshold of launching his career to improve his lot is probably facing the first interview of his life. He is ‘wearing the best mask’ to project himself as a suitable candidate, but he has the genuine fear that the interviewers are clever enough to find out his real inner personality. He is worried about the serious negativities within him, but as the interview progresses, he realizes to his amazement that his dark past is his asset. His misdeeds are his trophies and medals. His rebellious disposition and discourtesy to his parents are his virtues. His possible contacts with the intelligence community relating to an important enemy country carry immense weight. A few weeks after the NSA testing, I (Perkins) was offered a job to start training in the art of spying. †(Chapter 1, p. 8) Perkins must have thought, it was better to receive without deserving than to deserve without receiving! By selecting such dubious recruits for ideal management training to run the affairs of the Nation, how secure is the future of the country? And the future of the world as USA has tremendous influence over many countries. It is in a position to pressurize them on various counts overtly and covertly. Where this country is heading for when the foundation stone of democracy and free-enterprise is in fact its headstone? Human values have vanished from the democratic framework. The values that assure the dignity of the individual and the economic freedom in the real sense of the term, without any deception, are the important pre requisites for the avowed objective of the UN, â€Å"The World is one Family. † Many specialized ‘isms’ have failed to achieve this objective. The history of the past few decades has witnessed the doomed failure of such philosophies. Only noble individuals can build a noble Nation. Only when the thought process of an individual changes, the action process also changes! When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed. Only such changed Nations will be in a position to say, â€Å"The World is one Family. † The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed pose a crying question. How to make this Planet on Earth heaven like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love, and the life that refuses conflicts –these alone are enough! In the paragraph cited above the negative qualities of Perkins are being awarded and the process is not going to build a bureaucracy or any type of force/institution based on truth and for human welfare. Such an agency will be utilized for subversive activities, dubious dealings and cunning machinations. â€Å"From the beginning to end, communism was never a legal action; it was illegitimated. They controlled the freedom of politic, social, culture, and economic. As the economic situation worsened, so did the people’s support for the communism. †(Article: Failure†¦)As for the failure of the ‘ism’s and corrupted versions of the surviving ones, E. F. Schumacher writes, â€Å"What is at stake is not economics but culture; not the standard of living but the equality of life. Economics and the standard of living can just as well be looked after by a capitalist system, moderated by a bit of planning and redistributive taxation. But culture and, generally, the quality of life, can now only are debased by such a system. †(Schumacher, p. 243) The need of the hour is, the administrative machinery and politics needs to be spiritualized. And that is not possible by hiring recruits to the type of training sought to be given to Perkins. â€Å"The main thing is a transformation of the spiritual climate, a new feeling for the difficulty and the nobility of being human, an all-pervasive fundamental disposition shared by everyone, and acknowledged by everyone within himself as the supreme judge. To the genesis and establishment of that disposition poets and artists, imperceptibly working through the depth and breadth of society, can make some contribution. But it is not something that can be taught and created; it must be experienced and suffered. † (Glaysher†¦. ) The problem of the day is squads of hit men are attached to departments, important ministries, defense establishments and it is they who run the administration and take important decisions in all the countries—without exception! And men like Perkins are part of such a system and after retirement they venture to write sensational books, yet again to make millions of dollars! The best alternative would have been to resign before retirement and then expose the administration. Not after enjoying all the benefits and perquisites provided by the administration and then confess the ‘guilt! ’ Perkins claims that he was threatened and bribed in an effort to kill his writing project†¦What is wrong in it? Perkins was engaged in similar exercises before. Where he was hiding his conscience then? A quote from an article, Complexity Digest, â€Å"Different (human) cultures and social groups have developed different levels of tolerance towards lying and cheating. Whereas in some cultures, being caught in a lie implies â€Å"loosing face† and considerable social consequences, in other cultures learning how to lie effectively as a child has a strong correlation with later success in economic and social standing in society. Complications and confusions, as consequences of not telling the truth, are considered funny Honesty, and are a continued source of entertainment in US sitcom TV shows like â€Å"Seinfeld†. (Honesty†¦) How true! Perkins must be recalling the experience of his first interview! References Cited: Perkins, John: Book: Confessions of an Economic Hit man Paperback: 320 pages Publisher: Plume (December 27, 2005) Language: English ISBN-10: 0452287081 ISBN-13: 978-0452287082 Schumacher, E. F: Book: Small is beautiful-a study of Economics as if People Mattered. (Part III, Chapter 3, p,243)Indian Edition Publisher: Radha Kishna, 2 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Glaysher, Frederick: Article: The Victory of World Governance –To meet that objective, the nations of the world will either have a plan or†¦.. UNO, www. fglaysher. com/WorldGov. htm – 61k – Cached –Retrieved on November 3, 2007. Article: Honesty, its importance for scientific advances. The importance of honesty in science: Regulation by formal bureaucracy will not work when the organizations employing the scientists have vested†¦ Complexity Digest dated October 23, 2000. personal. ee. surrey. ac. uk/Personal/D. Jefferies/ttruth. html – 23k – Cached – Retrieved on November 3, 2007. Article: The Failure of Communism In Eastern Europe essays. www. megaessays. com/viewpaper/86270. html – Retrieved on November 3, 2007.

George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons

Of Mice and Men: George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons A true friendship is one in which friends care deeply enough to anticipate one another's needs and are willing to put their friend's needs before their own. Their mutual love enables them to make sacrifices only to protect each other. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, George killing Lennie is a merciful kill to save others from Lennie's unintentional acts of aggression, to spare Lennie from suffering a cruel death, and instead ensuring a peaceful and quick departure one that will cause George the least regrets.George begins to see a pattern of aggression coming from Lennie and wants to put it to an end because Lennie is hurting too many others unintentionally and he sees Lennie is quick to frustrate and panic and is lacking in the ability to control his violent reactions. Lennie has killed many mice, a pup, and finally a woman. Although Lennie may not want to kill any other living beings, it is in his nature to become aggressive and angry when frustrated. He typically believes he â€Å"Wasn't doin' nothing bad' † (Steinbeck 9) with the mice and he was â€Å"Jus' strokin' it' † (Steinbeck 9).He cannot contain his anger and that often leads to an unrestrained use of his strength. Because Lennie never has the intention to kill anything, he can feel an immense amount of guilt and remorse as seen when he runs out of the barn crying, â€Å"l done a real bad thing†¦ I shouldn't of did that† (Steinbeck 92), after killing Curlers wife. Despite Lennie's remorse, he does not grasp the severity and the consequences of his actions. This is not so much due to Lennie's slowness but more because of George's protective nature, preventing Lennie from ever having to face any consequences.Nonetheless, George sees that Lennie is unable to learn from his mistakes and fears the pattern is going to continue and that he is unable to change Lennie. George feels Justified in killing Len nie because he knows that in the long run he would be able to spare many other lives and prevent Lennie from all the pain and anguish from the remorse Lennie feels after his aggressions. George's decision to kill his best friend is to prevent a horrific and undeserved fate that awaits Lennie unless there is some intervention. He does not want Lennie to be killed by Curley or sent to Jail.George clearly can sense Curleys anger and vindictive nature about Lennie killing his wife. It is quite apparent that Curley wants Justice and revenge and is determined to make Lennie suffer: â€Å"Curley's face reddened. ‘I'm goin'†¦ I'm gonna shoot the guts outta that big bastard myself† (Steinbeck 98). Shooting Lennie in the gut would cause he him to slowly bleed to death, ensuring a long, painful death. Even if Curley is not to succeed in killing Lennie in this gruesome manner, the other likely outcome is that Lennie is sentenced and put in Jail for potentially a lifetime.Initi ally, in light of the possibility of Curlers revenge, George considers Jail to be a safe haven: â€Å"Guess†¦ We gotta tell the†¦ guys. I guess we gotta get ‘im an' lock ‘Im up. We can't let ‘im get away†¦ ‘ And he tries to reassure himselt, ‘Maybe they'll lock ‘im up and be nice to ‘im† (Steinbeck 94 However, upon further consideration, George realizes that Lennie is incapable of living on his own and fending for himself in Jail and will not last. Either outcome would result in a miserable and slow death for Lennie, and George could not allow his to happen to his best friend.This is how he reaches the conclusion that it is necessary for George, himself, to kill Lennie in a humane fashion in order to give him a quick and peaceful death. By shooting Lennie himself, George minimizes his own pain for not letting Lennie die at the hands of a stranger and can also control Lennie's last thoughts and feelings. Earlier on in th e novella, Candy feels deep regret for not being the one to end his dogs life and he tells George, â€Å"l oughtta shot that dog myself†¦ I shouldn't oughtta let no stranger shoot my dog† (Steinbeck 61).Candy and his dog were lifelong friends and companions, as were Lennie and George. Candys regret makes a lasting impression and Georges recognizes that he too cannot live letting anyone else take Lennie's life. Moreover, he ensures that Lennie last moments are filled with Joyous thoughts as he strikes up a conversation about Lennie's favorite topic: â€Å"And I get to tend the rabbits. † (Steinbeck 105) said Lennie, â€Å"An' you get to tend the rabbits. â€Å"(Steinbeck 105) responded George, then â€Å"Lennie giggled with happiness. † (Steinbeck 105).And lastly, as George's last act of friendship, he eassures Lennie with his final words that is he is not mad at Lennie nor that he's ever been. This is to award Lennie with as much peace as a friend could. Overall, Lennie is in a much better place once he dies. He does not to suffer a long and painful death; he would not hurt any other humans or animals and is spared the resulting remorse. George feels great loss and is shaken afterward despite knowing he is Justified in actions. This is a compassionate homicide and George is a true friend. He looks out for Lennie's needs and makes sacrifices to the end.

Illiteracy: Education and Others Essay

illiteracy is noun which mean unable to read and write or don’t have primary education. we know that reading and writing is only the source of learning education systematically. the aim of formal education is to tame a man morally ethically as well as provide him the skills that can be helpful for him to stand with the developing societies. if we talk about illiteracy in broader sense , it is clear that it is not a good aspect of any society. Pakistan is one of the developing countries. Pakistan is surviving for many problems included illiteracy. he problems started from an individual and collectively effects the whole society to where he belongs to. as we know that a society is an organization and persons in groups are the components of this organization , so if a large group of organization is unable then how can they proceed the society. the improvement of a society is actually is the improvement of persons. people hesitate to educated their children formally. There are many reasons 1. Poverty: the cost of formal and quality eduction is very high so a even middle class family cannot afford it. nd large number of our intelligent students cannot get education . normally people of Pakistan struggle to achieve the basic needs of life and ignore this even it is a also a necessity of life. govt should introduce programs and spend budgets for educational programs so that our country can also stand with the developed countries . 2. Gender discrimination : Pakistan is an Islamic republic . in Pakistan people even not educated religiously they don’t know the importance of knowledge that religion Islam defines them. so they don’t know the rights of others. uman beings can be divided into two catagories . male and female . male as the dominant kind , does not allow woman to get there rights in the society . the rights also include the right of getting education. the population is comprises of large numbers of females . women are the 49. 19% of the whole population. so due to gender inequality this class remains illiterate and causes the increasing rate of illiteracy . the literacy rate in Pakistan is 46% and this caused by the large no of females and engaged children with labor to support the family. 3. Nawareness: normally people does not support the education ,firstly they think that it is a waste of money and time . a child should be skilled in order to support the family economically. the other misconception is that the children specially the female children will get spoil if they go to school. some people think that the today’s educational system will spoil the religious concepts. this all misunderstandings are producing the illiterate generation. the public is under the pressure of economical and political disasters and cannot understand it though the only solution is literacy.

Innovation in Sustainable Engineering Design Essay

Innovation in Sustainable Engineering Design - Essay Example The political powers have played key roles in the share of the oil products. In addition, international environmental policies have demanded that there be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen and hydrogen-powered fuel cells are the better options as a means of achieving alternative sources of power. A fuel cell is concerned with converting chemical energy that is present in a fuel to be emitted as electricity. The process demands the use of oxygen. Hydrogen can be produced separately from varying components available naturally. The chemical processes that take place in a fuel cell demand a continuous supply of fuel and oxygen in order to sustain the production of electricity. The most direct driver for clean energy sources, those are safe, secure and reliable amidst this economic competition is worth investing. The needs that the projected source should meet include the mitigation of changes in the climatic conditions, greatly reduce the amount of toxic levels of pollutants and set forth a clear plan for the ever-dwindling oil reserves. The above results must for some reasons be met without which the effects will be felt in the economy, the health aspects in societies and the environmental consideration. The efficiency in the use of energy, in line with a focus on the supply, and an inclination on the growing proportion of carbon-free sources is highly encouraged. To achieve objectives to power elaborated above, it is essential that hydrogen and electricity be ventured into to determine one of the best approaches to meet customer, economic and environmental needs. Hydrogen is regarded as an energy carrier. Hydrogen has regenerative characteristics becaus e they can be produced from nuclear available sources, and the fossil-based energy system made use in the conversion. Fuel cells achieve use in portable devices like mobile phones, motor vehicles and for heating purposes in power generators considered in

Food security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food security - Essay Example This paper aims at looking at the effect of consumption of junk food in the USA. Over the past years, it has been noted that the rate at which obesity cases have been increasing in the United States of America is wanting. One of the reasons as to why this trend is believed to exist is because of the increase in the rate at which the United States of America consumes junk food (Smith 111). A research carried in the year 2010 by a journal, it was found that a fast food lunch package for a single person would have calorie content of up to 850 calories (Lambert 2). However, recent studies have discovered that the calorie content would get to 1000 calories. Given the fact that women usually need less calories daily as compared to men they are the most affected by the consumption of junk food (Napoli 3). According to a study that was carried out in the year 2012 junk food consumption was discovered to be the most common of the behavioral causes of obesity in the USA (Pereira 38). Apart from the fact that the consumption of junk food is commonly associated with obesity, excessive consumption of junk food can also lead to diseases such as diabetes. This is particularly very true for the case of junk food consumers in the United States of America (Collins). According to a study carried out by Lancet people who consume junk food about four times in a week have higher risks of getting type 2 diabetes. This is particularly backed by studies that were carried out by a number of hospitals in the United States of America, which led to the discovery that a majority of patients that were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were regular junk food consumers (Currie 22). The reason given for this increase is the fact that people who consume junk food regularly gain more weight, which lead to an increase in insulin resistance (St-Onge, Keller, and Heymsfield 1071). This state occurs as a result of the failure of the hormone insulin in the regulation of the levels of glucose

Self-assement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self-assement - Essay Example My conclusion sums up the agreement of the three articles that the American tax systems, as well as inequality, are the main obstacles to the achievement of the American dream. Enthymeme helped me focus and structure my burden of proof in the concluding paragraph in several ways. Since I did not present evidence of how the American dream has been achieved, I had an obligation of highlighting specific factors that have hindered its achievement. For this reason, I selected articles that discuss the specific reasons for why the American dream is an illusion. In the third paragraph on page one, I highlighted Brandon King’s views in an effort to prove that the American dream is dead. Specifically, I highlighted the following concerning King’s views, â€Å"Another problem that many Americans are struggling with is the issue of inequality, whereby King argues that most of the American wealth is concentrated amongst the rich minority. He thinks the American dream is based on people’s individual perception, because success is determined by imaginations people have about it† (Page 1, paragraph 3). By highlighting King’s argument, I demonstrated how inequality has hindered the achievement of the American dream, a factor that is evident in my

Data Governance, Quality, Integration, and Security Essay

Data Governance, Quality, Integration, and Security - Essay Example Although these aspects are closely interrelated within a system, addressing and improving them independently results in better performance of the system as a whole (Arens, Chee, Hsu & Knoblock, 1993). Data Governance Data governance encompasses a set of procedures ensuring that important assets in data form are properly managed in all divisions of an enterprise (Abiteboul, Benjelloun & Milo, 2002). The processes ensure that data is trustworthy and employees can be held accountable for any harmful occurrences that take place due to low quality of data. The organization under review was found not to have effective control measures as to who accessed data and in what way. There were many cases of deleted or edited information by users other than the authorized owners. One way to improve data governance is by defining the governance process (Arens, Chee, Hsu & Knoblock, 1993). The organization needs to make data auditable and enable its accountability. This facilitates accurate monitorin g and effective reconciliation between the data source and its consumers. The process needs to cover initial input of data, its standardization and refinement along the whole information flow path (Resnik & Yarowsky, 2000). ... Accountability entails the creating and empowering governance roles in the company. The organization should create the roles at appropriate levels and assign them to dedicated owners and stewards (Arens, Chee, Hsu & Knoblock, 1993). With outsourcing of data governance and processing becoming a reality for most organizations, the responsibility hierarchy should be accountable to the owners of data. For example, an outsourcing agent will be held responsible by an organization for breach of governance committed by the outsourced service provider (Resnik & Yarowsky, 2000). Data Quality Data quality may be termed as the state of timeliness, validity, completeness, accuracy and consistency that render data suitable for the intended use (Abiteboul, Benjelloun & Milo, 2002). A challenge faced by the organization under review is detecting issues caused by the quality of data at the point of entry into the system from the numerous users. They are mostly typing errors as well as intentional dec isions. Recommendations to improve data quality include use of simple queries or profiling tools (Resnik & Yarowsky, 2000). Others are tracking mail deliverability, verification of information prior to database entry and understanding contents of organizational data and the way it got there. Email and other personalized communications form a considerable percentage of the marketing tools. Therefore, given their high traffic, they can be accurate indicators of data quality. By implementing a process that tracks bounced and returned emails, an organization is able to monitor its data accuracy and make applicable changes (Resnik & Yarowsky, 2000).

Testing Analog and Mixed Signal Circuits With Built In Hardware Research Paper

Testing Analog and Mixed Signal Circuits With Built In Hardware - Research Paper Example Before beginning definite manufacturing of high-volume products, the testing, designing, assessment of the prototypes are important. Furthermore, the comprehensive inspection of the manufactured products must be done in order to ensure the availability of high quality and defect free product. Eventually the cost of the product can be minimized by providing the required information during the manufacturing process. The fabrication procedure of the integrated-circuit (IC) comprises doping steps, etching, printing and photolithography. The reason for the collapse of an individual integrated-circuit (IC) is the imperfect steps related to the fabrication process. Above all, the mixed-signal ICs are more responsive towards steps imperfections thus, resulting in low performance of circuits. However, these imperfections are insignificant in the digital - circuit domain but as compared to the mixed-signal circuits, imperfections among the traces in structure of small capacitance can cause a significant change in the circuit performance. For this reason, the sensitivity behavior of the circuit also improved due to the reduction of the circuit geometry. Hence, before shipping it to the customers every single IC is being thoroughly checked. This priority testing of ICs enhances the final quality of the product without affecting its brilliance. In addition, this quality check also ensures the excellence of the product and its design, during the key phase of the product development once put into practice. The detailed and long tests are being performed during the process of implementation of the ICs due to the small imperfection of the high sensitivity of mixed-signal circuits resulting in the high testing cost. Now researchers are looking forward to merge the testing process of both analog and the digital-circuit via analog signals to divert digital circuits or by utilizing digital signals for example, serial bit stream in order to divert the analog signals. The analog-test methods are not fully developed, therefore restricted access is suffered by mixed-signal specially; the shrinking dimensions with the high integration densities in the development of semi-conductor technology. On the other hand, the test systems related to the digital devices are well maintained and developed. However, the benefits are taken from the advancement and knowledge of digital-test by the analog and mixe d-signal test, because they are far away from the latest development regarding testing procedures. Another reason for the failure of the analog testing system is the deficiency of the implementation of a testing procedure for example, Standard Fault Model, however, approximately all the digital test methods rely on stuck-fault model thus, with the help of their fault reporting, the test generation algorithms are estimated. This model is simply accepted for the functional test as compared to the performance test, it is not accepted. The sources of complexity during the testing procedures of analog

Summary of Michelle Alexander argument relative to origin of Jim Crow Essay

Summary of Michelle Alexander argument relative to origin of Jim Crow - Essay Example As a result, they were constrained to second grade jobs and opportunities such as being slaves or performing menial jobs for the whites. It follows that the form of segregation postulated and fronted took the holistic approach such that the places where the African-Americans lived was supposed to be of lower cadre or class comparative to the other white neighborhoods. Thus, it goes without saying that the limited employment opportunities of the African-Americans limited their economic empowerment and as a result they lived in poverty. This is so due to the fact that they were set to occupy low paying jobs which implies that their economic power was greatly reduced and as a result they lived poor lives. Accordingly, the current criminal justice dispensation acts as a racial tool to discriminate and control the African-Americans if the empirical evidence and statistics is anything to go by. It is critical to note and mention that the speaker in the New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander outlines that Blacks get arrested for equal or lesser crimes as their white counterparts. For instance, she mentions that the â€Å"blacks are arrested for non-violent often drug related offence, the vary sorts that occur with roughly equal frequency in the middle class white community or on college campuses.† Equally important is that the kind of treatment that the African-Americans are subjected to in prison is second class.